Table 3.
Timing and duration of resuscitation care practices for liveborn neonates.
| Resuscitation Care Practice, Median (Quartiles) 1 |
Breathing Well by 30 s after Birth n = 1818 |
Not Breathing Well by 30 s after Birth n = 774 |
Ventilated 2 n = 81 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Skin-to-Skin, n (%) Initiation time from birth |
1635 (89.9) 6 (3, 14) |
681 (88.0) 7 (3, 16) |
51 (63) 11 (5, 23) |
| Drying/Stimulation, n (%) | 1816 (99.9) | 774 (100.0) | 81 (100) |
| Number of episodes per newborn | 3.0 (2.0, 3.0) | 3.0 (2.0, 5.0) | 6.0 (4.0, 8.0) |
| Initiation time from birth | 10 (6, 17) | 11 (7, 17) | 11 (7, 22) |
| Duration of first episode | 17 (11, 29) | 20 (13, 32) | 17 (11, 29) |
| Total duration of all episodes | 42 (29, 59) | 62 (44, 94) | 132 (82, 177) |
| Average duration of each episode | 16 (11, 22) | 19 (14, 27) | 19 (15, 27) |
| Average time between each episode | 95 (61, 151) | 79 (51, 121) | 76 (53, 106) |
| Cord Clamp, n (%) Initiation time from birth |
1785 (98.2) 124 (95, 164) |
751 (97.0) 159 (122, 209) |
77 (95) 164 (63, 226) |
| Suction, n (%) | 1030 (56.7) | 608 (78.6) | 81 (100) |
| Number of episodes per newborn | 1.0 (1.0, 2.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 3.0) | 3.0 (2.0, 6.0) |
| Initiation time from birth | 138 (70, 250) | 90 (54, 205) | 76 (45, 146) |
| Duration of first episode | 39 (26, 56) | 38 (24, 57) | 34 (20, 51) |
| Total duration of all episodes | 50 (32, 73) | 68 (43, 108) | 98 (62, 171) |
| Average duration of each episode | 38 (26, 54) | 36 (25, 55) | 30 (20, 42) |
| Average time between each episode | 90 (34, 145) | 79 (34, 127) | 64 (34, 87) |
| Bag-Mask Ventilation, n (%) | 8 (0.4) | 73 (9.4) | 81 (100) |
| Number of episodes per newborn | 2.0 (1.0, 3.0) | 3.0 (1.0, 5.0) | 3.0 (1.0, 5.0) |
| Initiation time from birth | 437 (380–583) | 326 (103–567) | 347 (103–583) |
| BMV initiated prior to 60 s, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| First episode lasting ≥ 60 s, n (%) | 5 (62) | 18 (25) | 23 (28) |
| Duration of first episode | 81 (49, 122) | 26 (16, 60) | 30 (17, 71) |
| Total duration of all episodes | 144 (84, 206) | 83 (55, 173) | 93 (58, 189) |
| Average duration of each episode | 71 (40, 137) | 28 (18, 47) | 31 (19, 58) |
| Average time between each episode | 8 (8, 18) | 23 (13, 44) | 22 (12, 40) |
| Improve Ventilation, n (%) 3 | 3 (37.5) | 55 (75.3) | 58 (72) |
| Number of episodes | 1.0 (1.0, 6.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) |
| Initiation time from birth | 490 (457, 548) | 366 (310, 460) | 380 (313, 473) |
| Average time between each episode | 30 (30, 30) | 28 (0, 59) | 30 (0, 59) |
BMV = bag-mask ventilation 1 All time is reported in seconds 2 Ventilated neonates represent the subset of liveborn neonates who received BMV regardless of breathing status at 30 s 3 Improve ventilation episodes include reapplying the mask, repositioning the head, opening the mouth slightly or squeezing the bag harder. Percentage denominator = all resuscitation cases receiving BMV.