Figure 2.

Influence of CLL EVs on TME. CLL EVs have the ability to influence the different cells comprising the TME through the delivery of their cargo to recipient cells, leading to a modulation of TME cell signaling in favor of the tumor. This includes the activation of stromal cells into CAFs (cancer-associated fibroblasts), increased angiogenesis in endothelial cells, and the modulation of the antitumor immune response (see text for details) (BAG6—BCL2-associated athanogene 6; CLIC1—chloride intracellular channel 1; IC—immunological checkpoint; MDSC—myeloid-derived suppressor cell; NK—natural killer; PD-L1—programmed death ligand 1; TME—tumor microenvironment; VEGF—vascular endothelial growth factor).