Table 3.

(A) Studies examining transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and (B) Adjuvant TACE for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

(A) TACE
Author (Year)	Study Type and Time Period	Patient Population	Technique	Outcomes	Complications
Single Cohorts
Luo (2020) [49]	Prospective Study 11/2015–11/2016	N = 37 Mean 62.9 y/o Primary ICC Tumor size 3–8.3 cm	DEB-TACE	Mean OS = 376 days CR = 8.1% PR = 59.5%	Major = 0%
Zhou (2020) [52]	Retrospective Study 11/2015–05/2018	N = 88 Unresectable ICC Included tumors > 5 cm	DEB-TACE	Median OS = 9.0 mo Median PFS = 3.0 mo	Major = 0%
Schicho (2017) [55]	Prospective Study 01/2010–06/2014	N = 7 Mean = 73.7 y/o Unresectable ICC	DSM-TACE	OR = 12% DC = 44% DP = 4%	Major = 4%
Kim (2008) [56]	Retrospective Study 02/1997–05/2007	N = 49 Mean 62.9 y/o Unresectable ICC Tumor size 1.5–16 cm	TACE and TACI	Median OS = 12 mo 1, 2, 3, 4 yr OS: 46%, 38%, 30%, 15%	Major = 2%
Comparative Cohorts
Sun (2022) [53]	Retrospective Cohort Study 01/2016–06/2020	DEB-TACE N = 40 cTACE N = 49 Mean 59.6 y/o Unresectable ICC Included tumors > 5 cm	DEB-TACE vs. cTACE	DEB-TACE OS = median 10 mo cTACE OS = median 6 mo	DEB-TACE = 12.5% cTACE = 6.1%
Baydoun (2021) [3]	Case Series 01/2013–01/2019	N = 10 Mean 65.3 y/o Primary and recurrent ICC	TACE + RFA vs. TACE vs. RFA	All groups median OS = 29.5 mo All groups median PFS = 15.5 mo	TACE = 0% RFA Major = 0%
Hu (2020) [48]	Retrospective Cohort Study 10/2015–12/2019	N = 35 Mean 57.2 y/o Unresectable stage III and IV ICC Included tumors > 5 cm	Ap + DEB-TACE vs. Ap + cTACE vs. Ap	Ap + DEB-TACE median OS = 19.3 mo Ap + cTACE median OS = 14.0 mo Ap median OS = 6.5 mo	Ap + DEB-TACE ≈ Ap + cTACE > Ap
Park (2011) [6]	Retrospective Cohort Study 01/1996–04/2009	TACE N = 72 Supportive care N = 83 Mean 64.6 y/o Unresectable ICC Included tumors > 5 cm	TACE vs. supportive care	Median OS: TACE = 12.2 mo Supportive care = 3.3 mo	Grade 3 heme AE = 13% Grade 3 non-heme AE = 24%
Poggi (2009) [57]	Retrospective Cohort Study 12/2005–05/2008	ChT + OEM-TACE N = 9 ChT N = 11 Unresectable ICC	ChT + OEM-TACE vs. ChT	Median OS: ChT + OEM-TACE = 30 mo ChT = 12.7 mo	Grade 4 complications = 0%
(B) Adjuvant TACE
Author (Year)	Study Type and Time Period	Patient Population	Technique	Outcomes	Complications
Cheng (2021) [58]	Retrospective Cohort Study 12/2002–11/2015	SR + TACE N = 68 SR alone N = 155 Mean 51.8 y/o Included tumors > 5 cm	SR + adjuvant TACE vs. SR alone	SR + TACE vs. SR alone: 1, 3, 5 yr OS = ND 1, 3, 5 yr RR = ND
Li (2015) [59]	Retrospective Cohort Study 01/2008–02/2011	SR + TACE N = 122 SR alone N = 431 Mean 54 y/o Included tumors > 5 cm	SR + adjuvant TACE vs. SR alone	SR + TACE vs. SR alone: 1, 3, 5 yr OS = ND 1, 3, 5 yr RR = ND
Wu (2012) [31]	Retrospective Cohort Study 01/2005–12/2006	SR + TACE N = 57 SR alone N = 57 Median 56 y/o Included tumors > 5 cm	SR + adjuvant TACE vs. SR alone	Poor prognostic factors: 1, 3, 5 yr OS = SR + TACE > SR (p <0.001) Without poor prognostic factors: 1, 3, 5 yr OS = ND
Shen (2011) [60]	Retrospective Cohort Study 07/2002–12/2003	SR + TACE N = 53 SR alone N = 72 Included tumors > 5 cm	SR + adjuvant TACE vs. SR alone	1, 3, 5 yr OS = SR + TACE > SR (p <0.045) Median OS in patients with early recurrence: SR + TACE = 12 mo SR alone = 5 mo	Major = 0%

Abbreviations: AE = adverse effect; Ap = apatinib; ChT = chemotherapy; CR = complete response; cTACE = conventional TACE; DEB-TACE = drug-eluting bead TACE; DC = disease control; DP = disease progression; DSM-TACE = degradable starch microsphere TACE; heme = hematologic; ICC = intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; mo = months; ND = no difference; OEM-TACE = oxaliplatin-eluting microsphere TACE; OR = objective response; OS = overall survival; PFS = progression-free survival; PR = partial response; RFA = radiofrequency ablation; RR = recurrence rate; SR = surgical resection; TACE = transarterial chemoembolization; TACI = transarterial chemoinfusion; TARE = transarterial radioembolization; yr = year; y/o = years old.