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. 2023 Mar 30;11(4):91. doi: 10.3390/dj11040091

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Degree of calcium salt formation around the Bio-C Temp, Calcipex Plane II, and Vitapex implants. (a) Representative backscattered electron images (BEI) and elemental mapping images of the subcutaneous tissue–implant interfaces. Dotted lines indicate the surface of the implants. Arrows indicate the calcium (Ca)- and phosphorus (P)-rich calcified regions in the subcutaneous tissue. (b) Average area sizes of the Ca-rich and P-rich regions within the subcutaneous tissue. Data are presented as means ± SD (Tukey’s test, n = 5, * p < 0.05). Scale = 500 μm. IMP: implant.