Figure 6.
Illustration of WAXS and SAXS synchrotron application to human teeth. (a) Crystal structure of HAp and WAXS analysis with details of the signal and formation of the Debye–Scherrer ring, adapted from [56], license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023, and applications with (a1) distribution of the a-lattice parameter in dental human enamel (adapted from [90] with permission. Copyright 2013, Elsevier). (a2) The texture map of the hydroxyapatite crystallites in human enamel based on the (002) peak (adapted from [89] with permission. Copyright 2007, Elsevier). (a3) Diffractograms of enamel under heating and cooling treatments (reproduced with permission from Sui T. et al. [425]). (a4) Evolution of the d-spacing of human enamel during acid exposure (adapted from [170] with permission. Copyright 2018, Elsevier). (a5,a6) Sub-micron resolution maps of human enamel with and without demineralisation (adapted from [56], license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023, and adapted from [354] with permission. Copyright 2020, Cambridge University Press). (a7) Virtual slice from 3D diffraction tomography of human carious tooth showing nanocrystalline size in nanometres (adapted from [448] with permission. Copyright 2013, Elsevier). (a8) 3D diffraction tomography, showing the apatite orientations in human dentine with colour map assigned to the intensity (0 to 1 arb. units) adapted with permission from [420]. Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society). (b) SAXS analysis with the details of one SAXS pattern and interpretation of the pattern (adapted from [395] with permission. Copyright 2016, John Wiley and Sons). (b1) Map of SAXS transmission data from a carious tooth (adapted from [472] with permission. Copyright 2011, Elsevier). (b2) Map of the scattering orientation from a carious tooth (adapted from [173] with permission. Copyright 2014, Elsevier). (b3) Map of the distribution of the particle thickness in a carious tooth (adapted from [480] with permission. Copyright 2010, Elsevier). (b4) Map of the degree of alignment in dentine and enamel of HAp crystallites from a sample heated at 500 °C (adapted from [426], license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023). (b5) Distribution of the degree of alignment of the mineral in human enamel under heating and cooling treatments (reproduced with permission from Sui T. et al. [425]). (b6) Total intensity plot of SAXS data during acid demineralisation of a human tooth (adapted from [170] with permission. Copyright 2018, Elsevier). (b7) SAXS 3D of human dentine with the analysis of the collagen fibre orientation and average scattered intensity (colour bar 0.88–0.94 Å−1) with a resolution of ~100 µm (adapted from [416] with permission. Copyright 2015, Springer Nature).