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. 2023 Apr 7;11(4):98. doi: 10.3390/dj11040098

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Details of tomography and ptychography application in dental research. (a) Illustration of the tomography setup with rotation of the sample and the acquisition of projections, which after reconstruction produced a 3D dataset, adapted from [39], license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023. Details of some application (a1) pathways of enamel rods in a Neanderthal molar (adapted from [451] with permission. Copyright 2012, Elsevier). (a2) Three-dimensional rendering of a restored tooth (adapted from [345] with permission. Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons). (a3) Virtual slice from human carious enamel with a voxel size of 0.325 µm (adapted from [39], license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023). (a4) Rod and inter-rod visualisation in 3D (adapted from [57] with permission. Copyright 2021, Elsevier). (a5) Pathways of the rods from a carious enamel (adapted from [39], license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023). (a6) Three-dimensional rendering of artificially demineralised enamel and cracking (adapted from [327], license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023). (a7) Three-dimensional rendering of human dentine and cracking (adapted from [359] with permission. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature). (a8) Reconstructed tomogram of human dentine (adapted from [357] reproduced with permission of the International Union of Crystallography). (a9) KES image based on mercury analysis (adapted from [376] with permission. Copyright 2018, Oxford University Press) and application in situ. (a10) Three-dimensional rendering of demineralised enamel at two time points (adapted from [304]) and (a11) 3D rendering of demineralised dentine at two time points (adapted from [333] with permission. Copyright 2021, Elsevier) and (a12) radiographs following polymerisation and at different times (adapted from [318] with permission. Copyright 2022, Elsevier). (b) Plot of the porosity in enamel as a function of locations in a carious tooth from tomography analysis, adapted from [39], license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. (c) Three-dimensional rendering of carious enamel with the location of a FIB milled cross-section, which could be used for further analysis, such as nanoprobe, TEM (adapted from [39], license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023). (d) Correlative image analysis with SEM image and tomography virtual slice from demineralised enamel in the carious region (adapted from [39], license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023). (e) Differential phase-contrast (DPC) image of carious enamel, in a similar location as the image in (f2) (adapted from [78], license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023). (f) Details of the 3D ptychography principle, adapted from [611], license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023, and illustration of application. (f1) Three-dimensional rendering of human dentine with a pixel size of 65 nm (adapted from [413], https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023) and (f2) 2D reconstruction of the transmission data from ptychography acquisition carried out on carious enamel with visualisation of the differences in structure in the rods and inter-rods (adapted from [78], license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023). For additional details on the scale of the images, see the references.