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. 2023 Apr 7;11(4):98. doi: 10.3390/dj11040098

Figure 9.

Figure 9

Details of the spectroscopy techniques used for dental research applications. (a) Principle of XRF analysis based on the emission of the characteristic X-ray (e- refers to electrons, adapted from [651], license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023). (b) XRF spectra of sound enamel and enamel from a patient with FAM20A mutations, (adapted from Lignon G. et al. [652], license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023). (c) XRF map of a tooth with caries with the spatial distribution of Ca from a 100 µm thick slice (reproduced from [499] with permission of the International Union of Crystallography). (d) XRF map of the Ca Kα fluorescence intensity acquired on human carious lamella with a beam size of 45 × 55 nm2 (adapted from [78], license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023). (e) Illustration of the XANES and EXAFS region (adapted from [653] with permission. Copyright 2015, Elsevier). (f) Schematic and plot of the XANES spectra at the Ca K-edge under different polarisations, to illustrate the principle of X-ray linear dichroism in the tooth (adapted with permission from [363], © The Optical Society). (g) Illustration of the PIC mapping analysis (adapted from [654] with permission. Copyright 2018, Oxford University Press). (h) The crystal lattice of HAp and the details for the two Ca sites, obtained from CrystalMaker® (CrystalMaker Software Ltd., Oxford, England) using cif file 203,027 Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) [655,656] (adapted from [657] with permission. Copyright 2011, Elsevier). (i) Polarization XRF maps of dentine and enamel at Ca K-edge with two energies and with rotation of the sample (adapted with permission from [363] © The Optical Society). (j) PIC mapping of human enamel from the image at ±0.2 eV of the Ca L-edge, showing the crystal orientation (adapted from [77], license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023). (k) EXAFS spectrum of dentine in comparison to other samples (reproduced with permission from Kantrong N. et al. [314]). (l) FTIR spectra of a tooth with fluorosis with the details of the radical PO43− and CO32− (adapted from [348], license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023). (m) FTIR map of dentine and composite with the details of the intensity of the absorption band 1762–1701 cm−1 (adapted from Goloshchapov D. et al. [337] under license by IOP Publishing Ltd., under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence, license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ accessed on 30 March 2023).