Table 6.

Substance-use patterns based on unemployment rates and business cycle/cyclical fluctuations.

Data Source, N, Age	Authors	Dependent Variables	Effects
USA, TEDS, 1993–2016, n.a., ≥18	Azagba, S. et al., 2021 [48]	Treatment admissions for primary substance abuse (opiates, cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, other drugs, stimulants)	Correlation between unemployment rates and annual substance abuse admissions has the same causal direction during economic crisis and during times without crisis.
Spain, EDADES, 2007/2013, 23,258/22,862, 16–64	Casal, B. et al., 2020 [40]	Consumption of cannabis, cocaine, and both of them	Cannabis and cocaine use have an higher impact on unemployment especially in economic recessions.
Netherlands, HIS, 2004–2013, 26,355, 30–64	De Goeij, M. et al., 2017 [53]	Episodic drinking before and during 2008 economic crisis	Job loss during economic crisis is associated with chronic alcohol use but not with episodic drinking.

TEDS: Treatment Episode Data Set, EDADES: Spanish Household Survey on Alcohol and Drugs in Spain, HIS: Health Interview Survey.