Table 2. Bivariate analysis of pacifier use by household, maternal, infant, and health care characteristics, and infant feeding and sleeping practices, 2021.

Variables	Pacifier Use		No Pacifier Use		P-Value
	n	%	n	%
Household Income
≥$100,000	60	55.1	49	44.9	.169 **
$50,000–99,999	71	61.2	45	38.8
≤$50,000	36	70.6	15	29.4
Household Food Insecurity (n = 266)
Food Secured	131	58.0	95	42.0	.258
Food Insecure	27	67.5	13	32.5
Maternal Age
18–24	18	64.3	10	35.7	.666
25–44	149	60.1	99	39.9
Mother’s Education
College Degree	118	58.4	84	41.6	.240
No College Degree	49	66.2	25	33.8
Maternal Ethnicity
Hispanic	40	48.8	42	51.2	.010 **
Non-Hispanic	127	65.5	67	34.5
First Time Mother
Multiparous	81	53.6	70	46.4	.010 **
Primiparous	86	68.8	39	31.2
Depression Screening
Low Risk	156	60.0	104	40.0	.487
High Risk	11	68.8	5	31.2
Child’s Sex
Female	88	58.7	62	41.3	.495
Male	79	62.7	47	37.3
Type of Delivery
Vaginal	110	56.7	84	43.3	.047 **
C-Section	57	69.5	25	30.5
Baby Friendly Hospital
Yes	34	61.8	21	38.2	.824
No	133	60.2	88	39.8
Breastfed in First Hour
Yes	124	57.7	91	42.3	.071 **
No	43	70.5	18	29.5
Exclusive Breastfeeding
Yes	82	55.4	66	44.6	.062 **
No	85	66.4	43	33.6
Bottle Feeding
No	39	43.8	50	56.2	< .001 **
Yes	128	68.4	59	31.6
Sleeping Arrangements (n = 274)
No Bed Sharing	139	62.9	82	37.1	.110**
Bed Sharing	27	50.9	26	49.1

**p<0.20