Table 4. Hierarchical logistic regression on the association between pacifier use and household, maternal, infant, and health care characteristics as well as infant feeding and sleeping practices, 2021.

Each model level represents the addition of blocks of model variables as specified. A value of “1” across rows indicates the comparison group in the model categorical predictors.

	Pacifier use Adjusted OR (95% CI)
	Level 1 Model	Level 2 Model	Level 3 Model	Level 4 Model	Level 5 Model
Level 1 Variables: Household Characteristics
Household Income
≥$100,000	1	1	1	1	1
$50,000–99,999	1.29 (0.76–2.19)	1.34 (0.77–2.33)	1.29 (0.74–2.25)	1.28 (0.74–2.23)	1.52 (0.86–2.69)
≤$50,000	1.96 (0.96–3.99)	2.06 (0.99–4.27)	1.99 (0.96–4.15)	1.95 (0.94–4.07)	2.73 (1.22–6.10)
Level 2 Variables: Maternal Characteristics
Maternal Ethnicity
Hispanic	-	1	1	1	1
Non-Hispanic	-	2.09* (1.22–3.59)	2.04 (1.18–3.50)	2.02 (1.18–3.49)	2.16 (1.23–3.77)
Parity
Primiparous	-	1	1	1	1
Multiparous	-	1.84* (1.11–3.05)	1.78 (1.07–2.96)	1.72 (1.02–2.90)	1.37 (0.77–2.43)
Level 3 Variables: Infant Characteristics
Type of Delivery
Vaginal	-	-	1	1	1
C-section	-	-	1.52 (0.86–2.70)	1.45 (0.82–2.58)	1.40 (0.76–2.56)
Level 4 Variables: Healthcare Characteristics
Breastfed in First Hour
Yes	-	-	-	1	1
No	-	-	-	1.23 (0.64–2.37)	1.24 (0.62–2.50)
Level 5 Variables: Infant Feeding and Sleeping Practices
Exclusive Breastfeeding
Yes	-	-	-	-	1
No	-	-	-	-	0.83 (0.43–1.59)
Bottle Feeding
No	-	-	-	-	1
Yes	-	-	-	-	2.76* (1.35–5.65)
Sleeping Arrangements
No Bed Sharing	-	-	-	-	1
Bed Sharing	-	-	-	-	0.68 (0.35–1.34)

*p<0.05