Table 2.
Delivery systems and release modes of various drugs from chitosan-based hydrogels.
| Drug Delivery Systems | Drug | Mode of Release | Composition of Hydrogel | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sustained release systems | Clemastine fumarate | Topical route | Genipin/chitosan | [127] |
| Dexamethasone | Injection | CMC/oxidation dextran | [42] | |
| Diclofenac | Oral/topical route | Citral/chitosan | [109] | |
| Doxorubicin | Oral route | Chitosan/CMC/formadehyde/succinic anhydride | [163] | |
| Gabapentin | Injection | Chitosan-g-poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) | [162] | |
| Insulin | Oral route | Layered double hydroxides beads coated with chitosan/alginate | [160] | |
| Insulin | Injection | Acrylamide-modified chitosan/tripolyphosphate | [159] | |
| Metformin | Oral route | Chitosan/PVA | [161] | |
| Valproic acid | Injection | Chitosan/alginate | [65] | |
| Targeted delivery systems | Betamethasone | Ocular routes | Chitosan/dialdehyde starch | [164] |
| Curcumin | Buccal route | Nanocapsules coated with chitosan | [165] | |
| Famotidine | Oral route | Montmorillonite/chitosan | [8] | |
| Doxorubicin | Injection | Chitosan/folate | [18] | |
| Lidocaine | Topical route | CMC/alginate | [41] | |
| pH-sensitive systems | Amoxicillin | Oral/topical route | Gamma-irradiated chitosan/PVA | [166] |
| Cefotaxime | Oral route | Chitosan/alginate | [167] | |
| Cytarabine | Oral route | Chitosan/tamarind/poly (methacrylic acid) | [168] | |
| Diclofenac | Oral route | Chitosan/Iron oxide | [169] | |
| Doxorubicin | Injection | Chitosan/Iron oxide | [87] | |
| Doxorubicin | Injection | CEC/dibenzaldehyde-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) | [29] | |
| Naproxen | Oral route | Bacterial cellulose/chitosan | [170] | |
| Phenylalanine | Injection | Oxidized hydroxypropyl cellulose/CMC | [171] | |
| Thermosensitive hydrogel systems | 2,6-diaminopurine | Oral route/Injection | Orotic acid-modified chitosan | [44] |
| Bupivacaine | Injection | Graphene oxide/chitosan | [172] | |
| Caffeic acid phenethyl ester | Depot | Acetylated CMC | [173] | |
| Diethyldithiocarbamate and copper ions | Topical route | Chitosan/βGP | [174] | |
| Doxorubicin/curcumin | Injection | Thiolated chitosan | [175] | |
| Etanercept | Injection | Chitosan/βGP/Pluronic F-127 | [176] | |
| Paracetamol | Topical route | Chitosan/βGP/genipin | [177] | |
| Herbal drug delivery systems | Berberine | Oral route | Amino acid-g-chitosan/βGP | [178] |
| Cannabidiol | Injection | Chitosan/sodium carboxymethylcellulose | [179] | |
| Carvacrol | Oral route | CMC/alginate | [151] | |
| Cortex moutan | Injection | N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan | [69] | |
| Curcumin | Injection | Chitosan-oligoconjugated linoleic acid | [88] | |
| Moringa oleifera leaf extract | Oral route | Chitosan/alginate | [180] | |
| Pueraria lobatae | Oral route | Chitosan/xanthan gum | [181] | |
| Quercetin | Injection | Chitosan/halloysite/graphitic-carbon nitride | [182] | |
| Resveratrol | Oral route | Chitosan/PVA | [183] |