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. 2023 Apr 10;24(8):6979. doi: 10.3390/ijms24086979

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Sulforaphane (SFN) disrupts AR signaling in prostatic tumor cells. (1) Androgen (A) binds to AR. (2) Activated AR upregulates the transcription of Bcl-XL. (3) Bcl-XL suppresses apoptosis and promotes the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. (4) Activated AR upregulates the transcription of HIF-1. (5) HIF-1 promotes the overexpression of HK and PK; these enzymes initiate the Warburg effect. (6) SFN distorts the structure of HIF-1, the distorted protein is subsequently degraded. (7) SFN binds to the promoter region of the AR gene, interrupting its transcription and synthesis. This illustration was made with Biorender.com (accessed on 7 March 2023).