Table 2.
Comparison of premenstrual symptoms of the participants in both groups.
| Variable | Baseline | p | After Intervention | p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yoga (n = 65) |
Control (n = 63) |
Yoga (n = 65) |
Control (n = 63) |
|||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Depressive symptoms | 52.90 | 22.48 | 46.90 | 17.56 | 0.23 | 39.49 | 7.90 | 49.17 | 14.56 | 0.00 *** |
| Depressed/sad/blue | 9.20 | 4.68 | 7.55 | 4.37 | 0.13 | 6.49 | 2.01 | 7.11 | 3.90 | 0.26 |
| Hopeless | 6.38 | 3.23 | 6.00 | 2.49 | 0.59 | 5.48 | 1.00 | 5.94 | 2.24 | 0.14 |
| Worthless/guilty | 6.73 | 3.69 | 6.10 | 2.30 | 0.41 | 5.52 | 1.03 | 6.11 | 2.66 | 0.11 |
| Slept more | 11.35 | 5.97 | 10.77 | 5.62 | 0.68 | 8.25 | 3.29 | 11.70 | 4.51 | 0.00 *** |
| Trouble sleeping | 10.13 | 6.03 | 7.94 | 4.43 | 0.09 | 6.97 | 2.77 | 8.16 | 4.31 | 0.07 |
| Overwhelmed, can’t cope | 9.23 | 4.81 | 8.48 | 3.55 | 0.47 | 6.78 | 2.31 | 10.16 | 4.00 | 0.00 *** |
| Physical symptoms | 43.83 | 20.98 | 39.97 | 14.65 | 0.39 | 30.37 | 8.62 | 40.84 | 11.32 | 0.00 *** |
| Breast tenderness | 11.60 | 6.57 | 10.97 | 4.51 | 0.65 | 7.82 | 3.05 | 11.60 | 4.77 | 0.00 *** |
| Breast swelling/“bloated” | 12.15 | 6.90 | 11.87 | 4.30 | 0.84 | 8.14 | 3.05 | 12.40 | 4.52 | 0.00 *** |
| Headache | 9.70 | 5.92 | 8.71 | 4.27 | 0.43 | 6.55 | 1.86 | 8.43 | 2.73 | 0.00 *** |
| Joint or muscle pain | 10.38 | 5.77 | 8.45 | 4.49 | 0.13 | 7.86 | 2.87 | 8.41 | 3.80 | 0.36 |
| Anger/irritability | 15.95 | 6.98 | 15.23 | 4.72 | 0.62 | 12.52 | 3.01 | 16.22 | 5.44 | 0.00 *** |
| Angry, irritable | 8.70 | 4.29 | 8.23 | 3.01 | 0.60 | 6.68 | 2.31 | 8.98 | 3.29 | 0.00 *** |
| Conflicts with people | 7.33 | 3.50 | 7.00 | 2.61 | 0.64 | 5.85 | 1.19 | 7.24 | 3.00 | 0.00 *** |
| Other disturbances | ||||||||||
| Anxiety | 9.05 | 3.88 | 7.52 | 3.37 | 0.08 | 6.60 | 1.77 | 8.49 | 3.20 | 0.00 *** |
| Mood swings | 8.93 | 4.20 | 7.81 | 3.25 | 0.22 | 6.31 | 1.82 | 8.46 | 3.01 | 0.00 *** |
| Sensitive to rejection | 7.53 | 3.69 | 6.84 | 3.18 | 0.41 | 5.98 | 1.69 | 7.40 | 2.75 | 0.00 *** |
| Less interest | 8.92 | 4.34 | 7.84 | 3.06 | 0.23 | 6.97 | 1.88 | 8.87 | 3.21 | 0.00 *** |
| Difficulty concentrating | 9.28 | 4.56 | 7.87 | 3.17 | 0.15 | 7.08 | 2.22 | 8.98 | 3.18 | 0.00 *** |
| Fatigue | 11.95 | 6.11 | 11.32 | 3.93 | 0.62 | 8.03 | 3.13 | 12.54 | 3.95 | 0.00 *** |
| Increased appetite | 9.43 | 5.40 | 9.16 | 3.93 | 0.82 | 8.35 | 3.26 | 11.03 | 4.66 | 0.00 *** |
| Crave specific foods | 9.23 | 5.48 | 9.68 | 4.81 | 0.72 | 7.75 | 3.17 | 10.83 | 4.67 | 0.00 *** |
| Out of control | 8.23 | 3.94 | 8.03 | 3.19 | 0.83 | 6.38 | 1.35 | 10.17 | 3.56 | 0.00 *** |
| Impairment in functioning caused by the symptoms | ||||||||||
| Impaired work/daily routine | 10.48 | 5.75 | 8.68 | 3.54 | 0.13 | 7.11 | 2.48 | 9.57 | 3.49 | 0.00 *** |
| Impaired hobbies/social | 9.83 | 5.02 | 8.48 | 3.90 | 0.22 | 7.14 | 2.74 | 8.84 | 3.62 | 0.00 *** |
| Impaired relationships | 8.23 | 3.73 | 8.19 | 3.60 | 0.97 | 6.08 | 1.98 | 8.46 | 2.89 | 0.00 *** |
Note1. The p-values of differences between groups were calculated by independent two-sample t-test. Note2. The mean was the sum of DRSP scores of 5 days (the late corpus luteum) before menses. *** p < 0.001.