Table 2.
Features of animals’ studies included in the systematic review.
| Study; Country Study Design Source of Funding |
Type of Water/s Studied | Sample Size | Features of the Population Studied | Treatment | Intervention on Other Groups/Controls | Results and Original Conclusions of the Authors | Quality Evaluation According to the SYRCLE’s Checklist |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brunelli 1967 [26]; Italy Study on animals Not reported |
Natural Mineral San Pellegrino water, medium mineral sulphate-alkaline-earth water | Not reported | Male rats, of the Sprague Dawley strain | Spontaneous assumption of San Pellegrino water in a metabolic cage for 15 days in autumn and 10 days in winter | Spontaneous assumption of distilled water (group 1) or spontaneous assumption of drinking water (group 2) in a metabolic cage for 15 days in autumn and 10 days in winter. | The spontaneous assumption of distilled water did not determine any diuretic effect, indeed rats having distilled water had lower urinary output in winter months, compared to liquid assumption respect to San Pellegrino or drinking water. | 3 Yes, 3 No, 4 Unclear |
| Federici and Pasqualis 1984 [27]; Italy Study on animals Not reported |
Natural mineral Tesorino water, medium mineral bicarbonate-sulphate-earth water | 78 rats (40 with Tesorino water and 38 with distilled water) | Female albino Wistar M. rats | 25 mL pro kilo rats of Tesorino water administered using a nasogastric tube | 25 mL pro kilo rats of bi-distilled water administered using a nasogastric tube. | Statistically significant increase in diuresis after 6 and 24 h followed by the administration of Tesorino water respect to bi-distilled water. | 4 Yes, 2 No, 4 Unclear |
| Federici 1985 [28]; Italy Study on animals Not reported |
Waters with different mineralization | 6000 tests on rats | Female Albino Wistar Rats S.M | Waters with different mineralization | Drinking water of Parma aqueduct or distilled water | Increase in the diuresis following the administration of mineral water respect to drinking and distilled water; increase in diuresis following the administration of drinking water respect to distilled water. | 4 Yes, 5 No, 1 Unclear |
| Federici et al., 1988 [29]; Italy Study on animals Not reported |
Waters with different mineralization | 12,000 tests on rats | Female Albino Wistar Rats S.M. | Waters with different mineralization | Waters with different mineralization | Increase in the diuresis following the administration of medium mineral water respect to low mineral ones. | 4 Yes, 6 No, 0 Unclear |
| Evandri and Bolle 2001 [30]; Italy Study on animals Not reported |
Natural mineral Waters with different mineralization | 120 rats | Male Albino Wistar Rats S.M. | 25 mL pro kilo/rat of water with different mineralization water administered using a nasogastric tube | 25 mL pro kilo/rat of drinking water administered using a nasogastric tube | Diuresis is not influenced by the mineralization level of tested waters. | 3 Yes, 4 No, 3 Unclear |