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. 2023 Apr 12;24(8):7164. doi: 10.3390/ijms24087164

Figure 3.

Figure 3

1-Azakenpaullon enhances expression of multiple signaling pathways in human MSCs during osteoblastic differentiation. (a) Heat map and unsupervised hierarchical clustering performed on differentially expressed genes during osteoblastic differentiation of 1-Azakenpaullon-treated human MSCs versus DMSO-treated control cells. (b) Pie chart demonstrating the distribution of selected signaling pathways enriched in the significantly upregulated genes identified in 1-Azakenpaullon-treated human MSCs versus DMSO-treated control cells. (c) Validation of a selected panel of upregulated genes in 1-Azakenpaullon-treated human MSCs versus DMSO-treated control using qRT-PCR. Gene expression was normalized to GAPDH. Data are presented as mean fold change  ±  SEM (n  =  6) from two independent experiments; *** p  <  0.0001. (d) Selected matched entities associated with the validated signaling pathways enriched in the significantly upregulated genes identified in 1-Azakenpaullon-treated human MSCs versus DMSO-treated control cells. Gene expression was normalized to GAPDH. Data are presented as mean fold change  ± SEM (n  =  6) from two independent experiments; *** p  ≤  0.0005. LEF1: lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1; IHH: Indian hedgehog homolog; SMAD7: mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7; VDR: vitamin D receptor; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide.