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. 2023 Apr 13;24(8):7228. doi: 10.3390/ijms24087228

Table 5.

Potentially neuroprotective agents for Al-induced diseases found in animal studies.

Disease Animal Species Neuro-Protective Agent Neuroprotective Effect Additional Information Reference
AUD mouse Beer (Si) Inhibition of Al-induced prooxidant and proinflammatory actions by decreasing TBARS levels and the expressions of GPx and TNFα and increasing the expressions of SOD (MnSOD and CuZnSOD) and CAT. Other beer components possibly involved: alcohol, hop, polyphenols, and folic acid. Further studies considering the similar effects of non-alcoholic beer are needed.
Harmful effects of alcohol consumption must be taken into account.		 [107]
AD, PD rat Quercetin Attenuation of neuronal death against Al-induced neurodegeneration by:
  • -

    reduction of Al-induced oxidative stress,

  • -

    prevention of Al-induced cyt c translocation,

  • -

    up-regulation of Bcl-2,

  • -

    down-regulation of Bax, p53, and caspase-3 activation,

  • -

    reduction of DNA fragmentation,

  • -

    attenuation of Al-induced mitochondrial swelling, loss of cristae, and chromatin condensation.

 “Quercetin may be used as a prophylactic in order to slow down the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease”. [108]
PD rat Curcumin Prevention of Al-induced DAergic neurotoxicity and related locomotor deficiencies (displayed by restored immunoreactivity of TH in SNc and VTA). Curcumin could be considered as “a natural drug conferring the protection of the brain from heavy metals induced neurotoxicity”. [109]
PD rat CAE Alleviation of cognitive impairment, cellular damage, neurodegeneration, and cholinergic activity
through attenuation of:
  • -

    Al-induced oxidative stress (normalization of the MDA content and CAT and SOD activity in the cerebrum and cerebellum)

  • -

    AChE activity in the cerebrum and cerebellum

 CAE not only prevents but also reverses the aforementioned Al-induced negative effects.
“CAE could be used as an antioxidant, anti-cholinesterase, memory enhancer, and neuroprotective agent”.		 [110]

Abbreviations: AD—Alzheimer’s disease; Al—aluminium; AUD—Alcohol use disorder; Si—silicon; TBARS—thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; GPx—glutathione peroxidase; TNFα—tumor necrosis factor-alpha; SOD—superoxide dismutase; MnSOD—manganese SOD; CuZnSOD—copper-zinc SOD; CAT—catalase; Bcl-2—B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax—Bcl-2-associated X protein; PD—Parkinson’s disease; p53—tumor protein 53; cyt c—cytochrome c; DAergic—dopaminergic; TH—tyrosine hydroxylase; SNc—substantia nigra pars compact; VTA—ventral tegmental area; CAE—ethanolic extract of Centella asiatica; MDA—malondialdehyde; AChE—acetylcholinesterase.