Table 2.
Epidemiological studies of the relationship between zinc level and the risk of CVDs.
| Zinc Status | Population | Baseline Age (Year) | Sex (%) | Follow-Up (Year) | No. of Cases | Outcome | References | Prospective Risk of CVD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum zinc level | A Dutch prospective follow-up study | N/A | N/A | 6–9 | 10,658 | Risk of death from CVD | F.J. Kok et al., 1988 [21] | No association |
| Serum zinc level | Rural and urban Indian populations | 26–65 | Female (53%) |
- | 314 | Coronary artery disease (CAD) | R.B. Singh et al., 1997 [22] | ↓ risk |
| Plasma/serum zinc level | Community-living age ≥ 65 years | ≥65 | Female (47%) |
13 | 344 | serum zinc level and vascular mortality | J. Marniemi et al. 1998 [23] | No association |
| Plasma/serum zinc level | Men aged ≥ 30 year | 30–60 | Male | 20 | 4035 | diabetes, and CVD history | N. Leone et al., 2006 [24] | No association |
| Serum zinc/urine zinc | Saudi male subjects | N/A | Male | - | 260 | CVD and serum zinc | E.M. Alissa et al., 2006 [25] | Association |
| Serum zinc | Iranian subjects undergoing coronary angiography | N/A | Female (41%) |
- | 114 | CAD: lower serum zinc | S.M. Kazemi-Bajestani et al., 2007 [26] | Association |
| Plasma/serum zinc level | Patients with Type 2 DM | 45–64 | Female (45%) | 7 | 1050 | Higher baseline serum zinc level was associated with reduction in risk of CHD death. | M. Soinio et al., 2007 [27] | ↓ risk |
| Plasma/serum zinc level | German ancestry who was referred to coronary angiography | >60 (median) |
Female (30%) | 7.75 | 3274 | Increased CVD mortality and serum zinc. | S. Pilz et al., 2009 [28] | Association |
| Plasma/serum zinc level | Community-living participants Age ≥ 65 years |
65–99 | Female (49%) | 14 | 741 | Risk of vascular disease mortality | C.J. Bates et al., 2011 [29] | Association |
| Plasma/serum zinc level | A group of 21 subjects free of symptoms, signs and objective evidence of HF | 69 ± 11 | Male (71%) | 6 | 125 | HF and patients with left ventricular diastolic function | I. Alexanian et al., 2014 [30] | No association |
| Plasm zinc | Subjects with uneventful cardiovascular history and without anti-inflammatory treatments | 80–102 | - | - | 201 | coronary calcium score, | R.C. De Paula et al., 2014 [31] | No association |
| Serum zinc level | 2886 subjects from 41 case-control studies (Meta-analysis of 13 articles) | - | - | - | 2886 | Myocardial infarction and serum zinc | B. Liu et al., 2015 [32] | Association |
| Plasma/ Serum zinc |
Summarize prospective cohort studies from 14 articles | - | - | 12.4 | 91,708 | CVD and zinc status | A. Chu et al., 2016 [33] | Association |
| Plasma/serum zinc level | Finnish men | 42–60 | Male | 20 | 2220 | Incidence of T2D and serum zinc and | T. Yary et al., 2016 [34] | Association |
| Plasma/serum zinc level | Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) patients, especially in the eccentric LVH and concentric LVH patients | 61.8 ± 13.2 | Female (44%) | - | 519 | left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) | L. Huang et al., 2017 [35] | ↓ risk |
| Serum zinc level | 1453 subjects from 27 case-control studies (Meta-analysis of 12 articles) | - | - | - | 1453 | HF and low serum zinc | X. Yu et al., 2018 [36] | Association |