Table 1.

Correlation between zonulin levels and the abundance of certain bacterial species based on literary data of descriptive human studies.

Gut Microbiome Member	Population	Zonulin Levels in Relation with Microbial Abundance	Ref.
Escherichia coli	ankylosing spondylitis patients	↑	[59]
	relatively healthy elderly volunteers	↑	[60]
	healthy adult volunteers	↑	[61]
Bacteroides	normal weight and obese volunteers	↑	[62]
	Hashimoto-thyroiditis patients	↑	[63]
Prevotella	ankylosing spondylitis patients	↑	[59]
	obese colorectal carcinoma patients	↑	[64]
Pseudomonas	relatively healthy elderly volunteers	↑	[60]
Shigella		↑
γ-Proteobacteria		↑
Rhizobiales		↑
Firmicutes	normal weight and obese volunteers	↑	[62]
Erysipelotrichales	healthy women	↑	[65]
Actinobacteria	relatively healthy elderly volunteers	↑	[60]
Clostridium	healthy adult volunteers	↑	[61]
Enteroviridae	celiac disease with or without T1D	↑	[66]
LPS (in serum)	community-acquired pneumonia patients	↑	[67]
	precocious acute myocardial infarction patients	↑	[68]
	T1D	↑	[69]
	Graves’ disease patients	↑	[70]
	children with IgE mediated and non-IgE-mediated food allergy	↑	[71]
	vitiligo patients	↑	[72]
	adolescents with major depressive disorder	↑	[73]
	septic patients	↑	[74]
Lachnoclostridium	healthy newborns	↑	[75]
Ruminococcus gnavus		↑
Ruminococcus torques		↑
Erysipelotrichales		↑
Coriobacteriales		↑
Alphaproteobacteria		↓
Corynebacterium		↓
Pdeudomonadales		↓
Moraxellaceae		↓
Staphylococcus		↓
Bifidobacterium	Hashimoto-thyroiditis patients	↓	[63]
Lactobacillus spp.	healthy adult volunteers	↓	[61]
Ruminococcaceae	healthy women	↓	[65]
Faecalibacterium		↓
Odoribacter		↓
Rikenellaceae		↓

Abbreviations: LPS: lipopolysaccharide; Ref.: reference; T1D: type 1 diabetes; ↑: increased expression; ↓: decreased expression.