Table 3.
Effect of various bacterial species on zonulin and/or ZO-1 levels based on literary data of experimental studies on cell lines and animal models. Species separated by dashed lines indicate the elements of a multi-component treatment.
| Species | Strain | Cell Line/ Experimental Model |
Findings | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zonulin | ZO-1 | ||||
| Escherichia coli | 6-1 | CaCo2 | ↑ | ↓, disruption |
[42] |
| rat, rabbit, and monkey small intestinal organoids | ↑ | NE | |||
| K-12 DH5α | rabbit and monkey small intestinal organoids | ↑ | NE | ||
| 21-1 | rabbit small intestinal organoids | ↑ | NE | ||
| K88 | 4-day-old piglets | ↑ | ↓ | [92] | |
| K88 | IPEC-J2 | - | ↓ | ||
| RY13 | HT-29 | - | NE | [93] | |
| K12 DH5α | - | NE | |||
| 042, JM221 | T84 | NE | disruption | [94] | |
| 055:B5 (LPS) | CaCo2 | ↑ | ↓ | [52] | |
| CaCo2 | ↑ | NE | [59] | ||
| HB101 | T84 | NE | disruption | [95] | |
|
Bacteroidales and Escherichia coli |
malnourished mice | ↑ | ↓ | [96] | |
| Salmonella typhimurium | SO1344 | rabbit small intestinal organoids | ↑ | NE | [42] |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | CaCo2 | ↑ | disruption | [97] | |
| Prevotella | CaCo2 | ↑ | NE | [59] | |
| Acetobacter ghanensis | CaCo2 treated with PT-gliadin | ↓ | - | [98] | |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis | healthy mice | NE | ↓ | [99] | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | pneumonia induced in mice | NE | ↑ | [100] | |
| Fusobacterium nucleatum | CaCo2 | NE | ↓ | [101] | |
| DSS-induced colitis in mice | NE | ↓, disruption |
|||
| Ruminococcus blautia gnavus | VPI C7-9 | germ-free mice | - | NE | [102] |
| CC55_001C | - | NE | |||
| S107-48 | ↑ | NE | |||
| S47-18 | - | NE | |||
| Clostridium difficile toxin A and B | T84 | NE | disruption | [103] | |
| Faecalibacterium prausnitzii MAM | NCM460 transfection | NE | ↑ | [104] | |
| Caco2 transfection | NE | ↑ | |||
| HT-29 transfection | NE | ↑ | |||
| diabetes mellitus induced in mice | NE | ↑ | |||
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus | GG | CaCo2 treated with gliadin | ↓ | ↑ | [91] |
| HT-29 | ↑ | NE | [93] | ||
| P1 | HT-29 treated with PT-gliadin | ↓ | ↑ | [105] | |
| P2 | ↓ | ↑ | |||
| F1 | ↓ | ↑ | |||
| P3 | ↓ | - | |||
| GG | ↓ | ↑ | |||
| Lactobacillus casei | C1 | HT-29 treated with PT-gliadin | ↓ | ↑ | |
| Bifidobacterium longum | CECT-7347 | HT-29 treated with TNF-α | NE | ↑ | [90] |
| T84 | NE | ↑ | [106] | ||
| HT-29 | - | NE | [93] | ||
|
Bifidobacterium
(not specified) |
CaCo2 treated with LPS | ↓ | ↑ | [52] | |
| LPS-induced NEC in rats | ↓ | ↑ | |||
| VSL#3 | IEC-6 treated with hydrolyzed gliadin | ↓ | NE | [89] | |
| mouse small intestinal organoid treated with hydrolyzed gliadin | ↓ | NE | |||
| Lactobacillus paracasei | D3-5 | high-fat diet in old mice | NE | ↑ | [107] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus | D4-4 | ||||
| D7-5 | |||||
| Lactobacillus plantarum | D6-2 | ||||
| D13-4 | |||||
| Enterococcus rafnosus | D24-1 | ||||
| Enterococcus INBio | D24-2 | ||||
| Enterococcus Avium | D25-1 | ||||
| D25-2 | |||||
| D26-1 | |||||
| Lactobacillus paracasei | 101/37 LMG P-17504 | CaCo2 treated with PT-gliadin | NE | ↑ | [108] |
| Lactobacillus plantarum | 14 D CECT 4528 | ||||
| Bifidobacterium animalis | lactis Bi1 LMG P-17502 | ||||
| Bifidobacterium breve | Bbr8 LMG P-17501 | ||||
| BL10 LMG P-17500 | |||||
Abbreviations: DSS: dextran sulphate sodium; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAM: microbial anti-inflammatory molecule; NE: not examined; NEC: necrotizing enterocolitis; PT: pepsin/trypsin digested; Ref.: reference; VSL#3: Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium breve, B. longum, B. infantis; ↑: increased expression; ↓: decreased expression; -: no effect.