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. 2023 Apr 10;24(8):6985. doi: 10.3390/ijms24086985

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Association of neurons with depression. D1 MSN activity may enhance antidepressant benefits, but D2 MSN activation may exacerbate depressed symptoms. Dynophins block D1-MSN antidepressant effects, while enkephalins block D2-MSN enhancement of activity. Additionally, higher ΔFosB expression was discovered in the D1 MSN of more adaptable mice and in the D2 MSN of less adaptable animals. Furthermore, animal models of depression showed signs of neuronal malnutrition, atrophy, and a reduced number of connections.