Table 1.
Marker substances in depression linked to astrocytes and neurons. NAc: Nucleus accumbens; D1: Dopamine receptor 1; D2: Dopamine receptor 2; Men1: Multiple endocrine tumor type 1; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; PFC: Prefrontal cortex; P2 × 2R: P2 × 2 receptor; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; LC: Locus coeruleus; LHB: Lateral habenula; 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine. ↑: Expression upward. ↓: Expression downward.
| Location | Markers | Level | Associated Receptors | Be Related with |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neuron | Dynorphins | NAc ↑ [19] | D1 | Lack of pleasure [17] |
| Enkephalins | NAc ↓ [20] | D2 | ||
| ΔFosB | NAc ↓ [23] | / | Adaptability [24] | |
| Astrocyte | Men1 | Brain ↓ [48] | / | Neuroinflammation [48] |
| IL-1β | ↑ [48] | IL-1β receptors | ||
| ATP | PFC ↓ [52] | P2 × 2R | Pleasure [60] | |
| GFAP | PFC ↓ (Under 60 years of age) [62,63] | / | Occurrence of depression [62,63,64] | |
| PFC ↑ (Over 60 years of age) [62,64] | / | |||
| Connexins | LC, PFC and hypothalamus ↓ [75] | / | GJCs [77] | |
| Neurons and Astrocytes | Kir4.1 | LHB ↑ [120] | / | Negative rewards [117,118,119] |
| Lactate | Brain ↑ [147] | 5-HT receptors | Energy metabolism [146] |