Table 3.

Some common examples of using antimicrobial substances of LAB against biofilms of pathogenic bacteria.

Approaches and LAB involved	Biofilm formed by:	Results summary	References
In situ LAB presence Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus sakei, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides	Listeria monocytogenes	Biofilm cells were reduced by up to 2.17 log CFU/cm2, 1.62 log CFU/cm2, and 1.09 log CFU/peg on stainless steel (SS), lettuce, and MBEC™, respectively. However, biofilm inhibition on the lettuce surface was lower compared to SS	[57]
Lactobacillus kefiri and L. plantarum	Salmonella Enteritidis	About 1 log of S. Enteritidis biofilm was reduced on a polystyrene microtitre plate (PMP)for 48 h at 28 °C	[58]
Pediococcus acidilactici	Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and L. monocytogene	The sessile form of all target bacteria was reduced by 4 log CFU/coupon under all simulating conditions on SS, polyvinyl chloride, and glass coupons	[59]
Lactobacillus paraplantarum	L. monocytogenes	Adhered cells on SS coupons were significantly decreased up to 1.9 log CFU/mL for 72 h.	[60]
Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus	L. monocytogenes	Biofilm cells were reduced (>3 logs) when co-cultured by L. paracasei and L. rhamnosus.	[61]
LAB (Bacteriocins) Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis	L. monocytogenes, Listeria ivanovii, and Listeria innocua	The bacteriocins from the two LAB decreased biomasses and viabilities of both developing and preformed biofilms on 96-well PMP.	[4]
E. faecalis (nisin and enterocin B3A-B3B)	L. monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens, S. aureus, and methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA)	The combined Effect of both nisin and B3A-B3B reduced the sessile count of tested bacteria by at least 2 logs after 24 h at 37 °C	[62]
P. acidilactici (K10 and HW01)	S. Typhimurium	Both bacteriocins significantly inhibited the biofilm formation of S. Typhimurium in a dose-dependent manner.	[63]
Lactobacillus crustorum (BM1157 and BM1300)	L. monocytogenes	SEM and TEM revealed that BM1157 killed L. monocytogenes by biofilm destructions and pore formation	[64]
Cell-free supernatants (CFS) L. curvatus, L. fermentum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, P. acidilactici, and E. faecium	L. monocytogenes	In a co-inoculation mode, biofilms of L. monocytogenes strains were significantly inhibited, while the CFS was not able to cause the elimination of preformed biofilms	[65]
Lactococcus lactis	L. monocytogenes	Neutralized CFS significantly inhibited biofilm-forming ability of L. monocytogenes	[66]
L. lactis subsp. lactis.	L. monocytogenes	Bacterial cell counts were reduced by 4-log while the inhibitory activity was strain-dependent and was influenced by incubation conditions	[67]
L. plantarum, Lactobacillus helveticus, P. acidilactici, and E. faecium	S. aureus and E. coli	The neutralized CFSs inhibited the biofilm growth of tested bacteria and 5 LAB strains showed more than 50% inhibitory rate.	[68]
Weissella viridescens and Weissella confusa	S. Typhi and of S. Typhimurium.	W. confusa reduced 99.84% of AI-2 signaling interference and showed a maximum biofilm inhibitory activity against S. Typhi while W. viridescens produced a 66.46% biofilm inhibitory activity and 99.99% AI-2 signaling reduction of S. Typhimurium.	[69]
L. sakei	E. coli O157:H7 (EHEC)	AI-2 activity and associated virulent were significantly reduced without affecting the cell viability of EHEC	[70]
L. helveticus	E. coli, Salmonella, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and B. cereus	Biosurfactants significantly inhibited the adhesion of bacteria by nearly 90–100%, while biofilm formation was almost diminished.	[71]

In situ LAB presence: represent the presence of LAB culture cells directly; LAB (bacteriocins); represent the use of extracted bacteriocins from LAB; Cell-free supernatants: represent the supernatant with either their original acidic or neutralized pH.