Table 2.
ROBINS-I risk of bias assessment for ‘Advanced Life Support’.
| Study | Year | Design | Total Patients | Population | Industry Funding | Eligibility Criteria | Exposure/Outcome | Confounding | Follow Up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowenstein39 | 1986 | Non-RCT | 90 | AHA ACLS | No | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Sanders40 | 1994 | Non-RCT | 64 | AHA ACLS | No | Highb | Low | Low | Low |
| Makker41 | 1995 | Non-RCT | 225 | AHA ACLS | No | Unclearc | Low | Highd | Low |
| Camp42 | 1997 | Non-RCT | 236 | AHA ACLS | No | Highe | Low | Highd | Low |
| Pottle43 | 2000 | Non-RCT | 299 | RC(UK) ALS | No | Highf | Low | Highd | Low |
| Dane44 | 2000 | Non-RCT | 117 | AHA ACLS | Partiala | Low | Low | Highd | Low |
| Moretti45 | 2007 | Non-RCT | 156 | AHA ACLS | No | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Sodhi46 | 2011 | Non-RCT | 627 | AHA ACLS | No | Low | Low | Highd | Low |
| Pareek15 | 2018 | Non-RCT | 632 | AHA BLS/ACLS | No | Low | Low | Highd | Low |
BLS- Basic Life Support; ACLS- Advanced Cardiac Life Support.
a
Portions of the research were funded by a Teaching Methods Grant from AHA to the first author.
b
Did not elaborate on exclusion criteria for cardiac arrest patients.
c
All incidents analysed but not clear how identified.
d
Prognostic factors not adjusted for in statistical analysis of most studies; considered low if they reported characteristics of patients in one group vs another and described p values.
e
Differing and unclear eligibility criteria for three periods of study.
f
Only those with completed audit form (86.5%) included.