Table 1.
Botanical extracts investigated by wound healing in vivo models (animal models)
| No. | Plant name and part used | Family | Wound model and treatment | Animal | Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Aloe megalacantha Baker (Leaf latex) | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Leaf latex was loaded to an ointment base (5% and 10% w/w) | Using for incision Swiss albino mice and excision Sprague Dawley rats' models | Both wound models showed a significant increase in the speed of wound contraction, epithelial cell proliferation, and increased tensile strength | Gebremeskel et al. 2018 |
| 2 | Phyllanthus muellerianus (water extract of aerial part and pure compound geraniin) | Euphorbiaceae | Aqueous creams of the plant (0.25, 0.5, and 1% w/w) and geraniin (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4% w/w) | Male Sprague–Dawley rats were used with induced excision and incision wounds | A Remarkable elevation in fibroblasts, cross-linking, and collagen content in P. muellerianus and geraniin-treated wound tissues were shown. Also, notable levels of TGF-β1 were recorded | Boakye et al. 2018 |
| 3 | The biofunctionalized silver nanoparticle was produced from cloves extract | Myrtaceae | AgNP was loaded into a cream with concentrations of 3% and 5% | Excision and incision male and female albino rats wound models | The wound-repairing impact was notable in animals treated with 5% silver nanoparticles. Collagen | Parveen et al. 2018 |
| 4 | Euphorbia characias subsp. Wulfenii | Euphorbiaceae | 1% ointment of methanol n-hexane, and ethyl acetate extracts E. characias subsp. | It was investigated in the linear incision and circular excision wounds in male Sprague Dawley rats | E. characias subsp. wulfenii displayed significant wound-curing activity | Özbilgin et al. 2018 |
| 5 | Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil | Lythraceae | The hydroethanolic leaves extract was tested at 10, 30, or 100 mg/g of gel | Excision and incision-rat (Rattus norvegicus, Wistar strain model) | Increased rates of wound contraction, moderate re-epithelialization, neovascularization, proliferation, and acceleration of the remodeling phase | Pereira et al. 2018 |
| 6 | Alkanna strigose | Boraginaceae | (Hexane extract of roots) Rattus norvgecis model | Excision and incision Albino Wistar rats | The beneficial effect of A. strigosa extract was confirmed | Aburjai et al. 2019 |
| 7 | Vitis labrusca (Hydroalcoholic extract of leaves) | Vitaceae | Oral administration of the extract at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg | Excision wounds male Wistar rats | Histological evidence showed that the extract could be a potential oral medicine for healing purposes | Santos et al. 2021 |
| 8 | Coccinia grandis (Polyphenol- rich fraction was obtained from the methanol extract of leaves) | Cucurbitaceae | The hydrogel of Coccinia grandis (1.5 mg/ g) was tested | Excision wounds in male albino rats which was infected by B. cereus | Polyphenolic compounds of Coccinia grandis could be utilized as a natural wound-repairing drug | Al-Madhagy et al. 2019 |
| 9 | Jacaranda decurrens (Hydroalcoholic extract of leaves.) | Bignoniaceae | 15 mg/g of extract in the ointment base was tested | Mice-excision wound model | The extract increases rate of wound curing by modulating the action of pro-inflammatory cytokines | Serra et al. 2020 |
| 10 | Phlomis russeliana (n-hexane fraction of methanol extract of the aerial part.) | Lamiaceae | 5% of the extract in carbopol- hydroxypropyl gel | excisional wound model in Swiss mice (Mus musculus) | Phlomis russeliana has a wound-healing effect following the ethnobotanical application | Okur et al. 2020 |
| 11 | Plumeria obtusa (Ethanolic extract of leaves) | Apocynaceae | 2.5, 5, and 10% spray of the plant extract | Excision wound Swiss albino Wistar rats model | The formula with 10% P. rutic extract spray showed the best wound healing effect | Bihani and Mhaske 2020 |
| 12 | Boerhavia diffusa (Methanol and chloroform extracts of the leaves) | Nyctaginaceae | Ointment (10% w/v) of methanol or chloroform extracts | Excision wound assays in a Albino Wistar rat model | The methanol extract of B. diffusa have a significant wound-healing effect | Juneja et al. 2020 |
| 13 | Ephedra ciliata (methanol extract and quercetin) | Ephedraceae | 5, 10, 20% cream of Ephedra ciliata methanol extract and 20% quercetin | Albino male and female rat model with excision and burn wounds was used | The extract rich with quercetin (methanol extract) of Ephedra ciliata promoted natural wound healing. The healing effects of the 20% methanol extract were comparable to the 20% quercetin | (Yaseen et al. 2020) |
| 14 | Moringa oliefera (Hexane extract of seeds | Moringaceae | 5% and 10% hydrogel of n-hexane extracts of Moringa oleifera seeds | Excision and incision Male Swiss albino mice wound healing model | The hydrogel containing n-hexane extract of Moringa oleifera seeds could act as a wound-healing agent | Ali et al. 2021 |
| 15 | Moringa oleifera leaves | Moringaceae | Moringa leaves extract gel | Incision wound male Wister rat (Rattus norvegicus) model | Moringa oleifera leaves extract gel exerted wound healing effect by speeding epithelialization | Ayu et al. 2020 |
| 16 | Curatella americana Linn. (Hydroethanolic extract of leaves) (HECA) | Dilleniaceae | lyophilized extract of C. americana 0.5 and 1% loaded to a gel | Excision Adult Swiss albino mice wound model | treatment with 1% of the extract displayed the highest wound-repairing effect | Fujishima et al. 2020 |
| 17 | Nigella sativa oil | Ranunculaceae | Mats of polyurethane electrospun nanofibrous loaded with Nigella sativa oil were tested as wound healing dressing | The full-thickness excisional wound in female Sprague Dawley rats | The mat of N. sativa-loaded Polyurethane nanofibrous, significantly provoked the wound-healing process | Aras et al. 2021 Nordin et al. 2019 |
| 18 | Dodonaea viscosa (Leaves methanol and chloroform extracts) | Sapindaceae | 10% w/w herbal. Ointment of the extracts | Incision and excision Sprague Dawley rats wound models | Methanolic extract significantly accelerated the epithelization of the excision wound. The extracts exerted a notable elevation in the tensile strength regarding the incision model | Nayeem et al. 2021 |
| 19 | Roylea elegans (Aqueous leaves extract) | Lamiaceae | The cream contained 5 or 10% of the aqueous extract of leaves | Burn Wistar albino rats model | Roylea elegans caused wound-healing acceleration | Upadhyay et al. 2021 |
| 20 | Cupressus macrocarpa (Diethyl ether extract of leaves) (DEEL) | Cupressaceae | DEEL in 20% DMSO in normal saline was applied to wounded and infected rats by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates | Full-thickness excision wounds male albino rats | DEEL showed epidermis regeneration, granulation tissue maturation, and a decrease in inflammatory cell infiltration | Attallah NGM et al. 2021 |
| 21 | Zehneria scabra (80% Methanol Leaf Extract) | Cucurbitaceae | 5% and 10% (w/w) of 80% methanol extract in an ointment base | Incision and excision wounds in adult albino mice | Z. scabra exerted significant wound-repairing activity | Tekleyes et al. 2021 |
| 22 | Bersama abyssinica (Hydro-methanol, chloroform, hexane, and water fractions of leaves) | Francoaceae | 5% and 10% w/w ointment of the hydro-methanolic extract was investigated | Excision, incision, and burn wounds in adult Swiss albino mice | Both 5% and 10% w/w of hydro-methanolic extract and solvent fractions of the plant have wound-curing effects | Taddese et al. 2021 |
| 23 | Semecarpus anacardium L., Argemone mexicana L., Cocculus hirsutus L., and Woodfordia fruticose K | Anacardiaceae Papaveraceaei Menispermaceae Lythraceae | The polyherbalBhallatakadi Ghrita (BG) formulation is composed of this mixture | Incision and excision Wistar rats model | Quercetin, gallic acid, and fatty acids increased the healing rate by the ghrita formulation | Wayal and Gurav 2021 |
| 24 | Elaeis guineensis Jacq (Leaves) | Arecaceae | Leave extracts | Sprague Dawley rats were used for making excision wounds with microbial infection | E. guineensis promote the healing of wounds even though they were infected, confirming its traditional use in wound curing | Rajoo et al. 2021 |
| 25 | Vernonia auriculifera Hiern (methanol extract of leaves and its fractions | Asteraceae | Ointment preparations of 5% and 10% w/w of methanol and other fractions | Excision, incision, and burn wound models in Swiss albino mice and female Wistar rats | The plant’s different extracts (methanol, aqueous, and ethyl acetate) showed | Lambebo et al. 2021 |
| 26 | Brucea antidysentrica Rhamnus prinoides Dodonaea angustifolia | Simaroubaceae | Brucea antidysentrica (extract of roots bark), Rhamnus prinoides (leaves), and Dodonaea angustifolia (80% methanol extract) | Types of induced wounds in Swiss albino mice were excision and incision wounds | The traditional use of these plants in repairing wounds was confirmed. This plants increase wound contraction rate and tensile strength and decrease the time needed for efficient epithelialization | Tessema and Molla 2021 |
| 27 | Jatropha Neopauciflora Pax Latex | Euphorbiaceae | latex (50%, 75%, and 100%) | Incisions were made in normal and diabetic male mice (Mus musculus) mice | neopauciflora could be beneficial for wound management in diabetes mellitus and speeds up and stimulates the wound-healing process | Hernandez-Hernandez et al. 2021 |
| 28 | Sanguisorba officinalis Roots (the isolated Rhoifolin-Rich Fraction RRF) | Rosoideae | 2% carbopol and hydroxypropyl cellulose gel of RRF | Full-thickness excision wound white albino rat model | RRF enhanced re-epithelization, angiogenesis, and shoed anti-bacterial, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities | Negm et al. 2022 |
| 29 | Platycodon grandifloras (Water extract of the dried tuberous roots) | Campanulaceae | The concentrated water extract was mixed with medical vaseline to make an ointment. 10% P. grandiflorus mixed emulsifiable paste was tested | Scald model males specific-pathogen-free (SPF) Sprague–Dawley rat | P. grandiflorus showed a significant healing effect on cutaneous scald lesions. A well-repaired epidermis was observed in rats treated with P. grandifloras | Wang et al. 2022 |
| 30 | Pistacia vera (Italian and Algerian oleoresins) | Anacardiaceae | Oleoresins mixed with vaseline (5% w/w) | Circular wound excision ew Zealand albino rabbits model | Both oleoresins had very high wound-healing activity agents | Boudjelal et al. 2022 |
| 31 | Moringa oleifera (Hydroethanolic extract of seeds) | Moringaceae | 5% and 10% of the extract of Moringa oleifera seeds is added to the hydrogel | Excision and incision wound Male Swiss albino mice models | Hydr-ethanolic extract of M. oleifera could be utilized in wound management as an alternative plan | Ali et al. 2022 |
| 32 | Calendula officinalis L. (Flower extract) | Asteraceae | The wound dressing of collagen film containing flower extract | Excision wound male Sprague–Dawley rat model | The tested dressing for wound repair contained the calendula extract. It was loaded with collagen film and showed safe, stable, and effective effects | Rathod et al. 2022 |
| 33 | Curcuma longa (Aqueous, 70% methanolic, and ethanolic extracts) | Zingiberaceae | Different extracts of C. longa encapsulated in Ethosome were tested to heal wounds.(0.25, 0.5, and 1 g/cm2) | Full-thickness skin wounds in adult Wistar rats | Encapsulation of C. longa led to a better shape of wound, and maturation of granulation tissue, with an accelerated rate of healing, compared to crude extract | Kumar S et al. 2022 |
| 34 | Globularia arabica (Leaf methanol extract) | Plantaginaceae | The study used variable concentrations of G. arabica extract (1%, 5%, and 10%) in ointment base | Excision diabetic and nondiabetic male Wistar rat model | G. arabica could be useful in healing wounds by provoking collagen and hydroxyproline formation when added externally on the wounded skin | Alsarayreh et al. 2022 |
| 35 | Premna integrifolia (Standardized extract) | Lamiaceae | 5% (w/w) ointment of the standardized extract | Excision wound model in male and female Wistar albino rats | Premna integrifolia had a wound-healing impact and could contribute to curing the wounds as a source of bioactive constituents with wound-healing characteristics | Alsareii et al. 2022 |
| 36 | Zizyphus mauritiana | Rhamnaceae | (Fruit extract) | Full-thickness excisional wounds in adult male New Zealand Dutch strain albino rabbits | ZFE might act as a potential alternative drug to speed wound repair due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects | Shady et al. 2022 |
| 37 | Parkia clappertoniana Keay (Fruit husk extract) | Fabaceae | Ointment of fruit extract (0.3, 1, and 3%) | Excision wound model in male Sprague–Dawley rats | P.clappertoniana exerted wound-healing and antimicrobial effects | Kuma et al. 2022 |