Antibiotic pretreatment could protect the liver from I/R injury. (A) Pattern diagram and intraoperative photos of hepatic I/R injury. WT mice or ABX mice were randomly divided into 2 groups. One group was the sham group (WT Sham, n = 4; ABX Sham, n = 4), and the other group was subjected to liver I/R surgery (WT IRI, n = 10; ABX IRI, n= 10). (B) Serum ALT levels of the 4 groups. (C) Relative mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines Il1β, Tnfα, Il6, Il12b, and Cxcl10. (D) H&E staining and Suzuki’s quantitative score. (E) TUNEL staining and semiquantitative analysis. Scale bars, 100 μm. (F) Immunochemical staining of MPO and semiquantitative analysis. (G) Immunochemical staining of cleaved caspase 3 and semiquantitative analysis. For all data, statistical comparisons were carried out by Student t test. P < .05 indicates significant differences.