Table 2.
Interaction between M2 macrophage and NP.
| Study | Species | Experiment | Molecular change | Phenotype change |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (77, 78) | Human, rat | In vitro : TNF-α, TGF-β1 and Fasl stimulates NPC In vivo : Acupuncture IDD model | NPC: Caspase3/8*, Bcl-2#, CCL3/4*, Grem1#, ERK1/2# M2: TGF-β1/smads* | NPC: pyroptotic inhibition and apoptosis inhibition NP: retard inflammation-mediated disc degeneration |
| (38) | Rat | In vivo : Acupuncture IDD model | M2: IL-1β#, IL-6*、TGF-β*, IL-4*, IL-10* | NP: Degeneration M2: Migration |
| (70) | Human | In vitro : Coculture M2 with NPC In vivo : three-dimensional murine IVD organ culture model | NPC: IL-6#, MMP-13#, ADAMTS-4/5#, COL2*, ACAN* | NPC: Proliferation NP: Inflammation inhibition, apoptosis inhibition, and senescence inhibition ECM: Anabolism |
| (73) | Mice | In vivo : Acupuncture IDD model | M2: CD206*, TGF-β1*, smad2/3* | NPC: Proliferation M2: Differentiation |
| (64) | Human, rat | In vitro : Coculture M2 with NPC In vivo : Acupuncture IDD model | NPC: ACAN*, COL2*, MMP-13#, IL-1β/6/12# | NPC: Proliferation ECM: Anabolism M2: Differentiation |
| (81) | Human, rat | In vitro : Coculture M2 with NPC | NPC: MMP-3/9*, COL2#, ACAN#, ERK*, JNK MAPK* M2a: CHI3L1* CD206* | NPC: Degeneration M2a: Infiltration |
| (79, 80) | Human | In vitro : High dose TGF-β1 stimulates NPC | NPC: COL2#, COL1/3*, TIMP-3*, MMP-13*, ALK1/5*, ANGPTL2*, IL-6*, TNF-α*, Smad1/2/3/5/8* M2: TGF-β1(High dose) * | NP: Degeneration |
| (82) | Rat | In vitro : IL-10 stimulates NPC In vivo : Acupuncture IDD model | NPC: p38 MAPK#, COL2*, ACAN*, SOX-9* | NP: retard inflammation-mediated disc degeneration |
| (83) | Rat | In vitro : Coculture M with young or old NPC |
Young NPC: IL-10*, MMP1#, IFN-γ#
Old NPC: IL-10*, MMP1*, IFN-γ*
M: NO* |
Young NP: Higher cell-mediated immunity activity Old NP: Higher humoral immunity activity |
*Activate or upregulate; #Downregulate or inhibit; M1, M1 macrophage; M2, M2 macrophage; M, macrophages of unspecified type; NPC, nucleus pulposus cell; NP, nucleus pulposus (nucleus pulposus cell and ECM).