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. 2023 Apr 28;241:124648. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124648

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

GMI reduces SARS-CoV-2-E-induced inflammation. (A-B) RAW264.7 and MH-S cells were treated with various concentrations of GMI (0.15–1.2 μM) or DTX (2.5–20 μM) in the absence (A) or presence (B) of SARS-CoV-2-E protein (1 μg/mL) for 24 h. The viability of macrophages was determined by MTT assay. Each GMI-treatment group is normalized against an untreated control. The values represent the means ± SD. Non-significant differences are shown (N.S.) compared with the control group. (C-F) Cells (20,000 cells in 96 well) were stimulated with E proteins (1 μg/mL) in the presence or absence of various concentrations of GMI (0–1.2 μM) or DTX (2.5–20 μM) for 24 h simultaneously. (C) NO production was determined by Griess assay. The concentrations of IL-6 (D), TNF-α (E) and IL-12 (F) were determined by ELISA. The LPS (100 ng/mL) treatment group is the positive control. Each GMI-treated group is normalized against the LPS-alone treatment group. The data represents three independent experiments and is presented as the mean ± SD; the error bars indicate SD. The significant difference between GMI/DXT treatment groups and the control (CTL)/E protein individual treatment group is expressed as *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and **P < 0.001.