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How δ-toxin and PSMα contribute to exacerbating AD. When S. aureus colonizes the skin surface and triggers the quorum sensing system, virulence factors such as δ-toxin and PSMα are produced. δ-toxin causes mast cell degranulation and triggers type II inflammation, while PSMα causes the release of IL-1α and IL-36α alarmin from keratinocytes and triggers IL17-mediated dermatitis.
