Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the patients with ischemic stroke.
| Characteristics | All patients (N = 2089) | Developing cohort (n = 1,443) | Verification cohort (n = 646) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR) | 68.92 (57.33, 78.86) | 69.05 (57.88, 78.94) | 68.42 (56.50, 78.57) | 0.515 |
| Female, no. (%) | 993 (47.53) | 682 (47.26) | 311 (48.14) | 0.710 |
| Weight, median (IQR) (kg) | 78.10 (66.50, 93.50) | 78.00 (66.90, 93.20) | 79.20 (65.90, 93.90) | 0.982 |
| Race, no. (%) | ||||
| White | 1242 (59.45) | 854 (59.18) | 388 (60.06) | 0.119 |
| Hispanic | 74 (3.54) | 49 (3.40) | 25 (3.87) | |
| Black | 223 (10.67) | 160 (11.09) | 63 (9.75) | |
| ASIAN | 60 (2.87) | 33 (2.29) | 27 (4.18) | |
| Other | 490 (23.46) | 347 (24.05) | 143 (22.14) | |
| Marital status, no. (%) | ||||
| Married | 894 (42.80) | 604 (41.86) | 290 (44.89) | 0.299 |
| Single | 516 (24.70) | 356 (24.67) | 160 (24.77) | |
| Widowed | 217 (10.39) | 163 (11.30) | 54 (8.36) | |
| Divorced | 146 (6.99) | 99 (6.86) | 47 (7.28) | |
| Other | 316 (15.13) | 221 (15.32) | 95 (14.71) | |
| First care unit, no. (%) | ||||
| Medical ICU | 190 (9.10) | 132 (9.15) | 58 (8.98) | 0.886 |
| Surgical ICU | 663 (31.74) | 456 (31.60) | 207 (32.04) | |
| Medical ICU/Surgical ICU | 101 (4.83) | 75 (5.20) | 26 (4.02) | |
| Neuro Surgical ICU | 284 (13.60) | 192 (13.31) | 92 (14.24) | |
| Trauma Surgical ICU | 223 (10.67) | 152 (10.53) | 71 (10.99) | |
| Other ICU | 628 (30.06) | 436 (30.21) | 192 (29.72) | |
| Underlying diseases, no. (%) | ||||
| Myocardial Infarct | 327 (15.65) | 222 (15.38) | 105 (16.25) | 0.613 |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 467 (22.36) | 327 (22.66) | 140 (21.67) | 0.616 |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease | 275 (13.16) | 193 (13.37) | 82 (12.69) | 0.670 |
| Dementia | 69 (3.30) | 53 (3.67) | 16 (2.48) | 0.157 |
| Chronic Pulmonary Disease | 377 (18.05) | 249 (17.26) | 128 (19.81) | 0.160 |
| Rheumatic Disease | 57(2.73) | 40(2.77) | 17 (2.63) | 0.856 |
| Peptic Ulcer Disease | 33 (1.58) | 22 (1.52) | 11 (1.70) | 0.763 |
| Mild Liver Disease | 111 (5.31) | 72 (4.99) | 39 (6.04) | 0.324 |
| Severe Liver Disease | 35 (1.68) | 26 (1.80) | 9 (1.39) | 0.501 |
| Renal Disease | 321 (15.37) | 220 (15.25) | 101 (15.63) | 0.820 |
| Diabetes without chronic complication | 573 (27.43) | 389 (26.96) | 184 (28.48) | 0.470 |
| Diabetes with chronic complication | 175 (8.38) | 131 (9.08) | 44 (6.81) | 0.084 |
| Paraplegia | 991 (47.44) | 696 (48.23) | 295 (45.67) | 0.277 |
| Malignant Cancer | 181 (8.66) | 125 (8.66) | 56 (8.67) | 0.996 |
| Metastatic Solid Tumor | 74 (3.54) | 52 (3.60) | 22 (3.41) | 0.821 |
| Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome | 5 (0.24) | 2 (0.14) | 3 (0.46) | 0.159 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, median (IQR) | 7.00 (5.00, 8.00) | 7.00 (5.00, 8.00) | 7.00 (5.00, 9.00) | 0.453 |
| Disease severity scoring system, median (IQR) | ||||
| Firstday GCSa | 12.00 (8.00, 14.00) | 12.00 (8.00, 14.00) | 12.00 (8.00, 14.00) | 0.898 |
| Firstday SOFA | 4.00 (2.00, 6.00) | 4.00 (2.00, 7.00) | 4.00 (2.00, 6.00) | 0.867 |
| Firstday LODS | 4.00 (2.00, 7.00) | 4.00 (2.00, 7.00) | 4.00 (2.00, 7.00) | 0.831 |
| Firstday OASIS | 33.00 (26.00, 40.00) | 33.00 (26.00, 40.00) | 33.00 (26.00, 40.00) | 0.573 |
| Firstday APS III | 42.00 (30.00, 61.00) | 42.00 (30.00, 61.00) | 43.00 (30.00, 62.00) | 0.901 |
| Firstday SAPS II | 32.00 (25.00, 41.00) | 32.00 (25.00, 41.00) | 32.00 (25.00, 42.00) | 0.571 |
| Vital Indicators, median (IQR) | ||||
| Temperature (°C)b | 37.28 (37.06, 37.83) | 37.28 (37.06, 37.80) | 37.33 (37.00, 37.90) | 0.482 |
| Heart Rate (beats/min)b | 99.00 (86.00, 11,300) | 99.00 (87.00, 11,400) | 98.00 (85.00, 11,200) | 0.213 |
| Respiratory Rate (breaths/min)c | 18.65 (16.84, 21.05) | 18.64 (16.80, 21.10) | 18.74 (17.00, 20.94) | 0.698 |
| SBP (mmHg)b | 161.00 (145.00, 178.00) | 160.00 (144.00, 178.00) | 162.00 (147.00, 179.00) | 0.171 |
| Oxygen Saturation (%)a | 93.00 (91.00, 95.00) | 93.00 (91.00, 95.00) | 93.00 (91.00, 95.00) | 0.937 |
| Glucose (mmol/L)a | 5.83 (4.94, 7.06) | 5.83 (4.89, 7.11) | 5.78 (4.94, 7.00) | 0.765 |
| Firstday Urine Output (L) | 1.60 (1.04, 2.35) | 1.61 (1.04, 2.37) | 1.58 (1.03, 2.32) | 0.547 |
| Laboratory Indicators, median (IQR) | ||||
| White Blood Cells (K/uL)b | 11.90 (8.80, 15.90) | 11.90 (8.70, 16.00) | 11.85 (9.00, 15.60) | 0.947 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL)a | 11.60 (9.70, 13.10) | 11.50 (9.60, 13.10) | 11.80 (9.80, 13.20) | 0.233 |
| Hematocrit (%)a | 34.90 (29.50, 39.10) | 34.70 (29.40, 39.00) | 35.20 (29.70, 39.40) | 0.332 |
| Platelets (K/uL)a | 195.00 (149.00, 252.00) | 196.00 (149.00, 254.00) | 194.00 (149.00, 245.00) | 0.362 |
| BUN (mg/dL)b | 6.78 (5.00, 9.64) | 6.43 (4.64, 9.64) | 6.78 (5.00, 9.28) | 0.487 |
| Creatinine (μmmol/L)b | 88.40 (70.72, 114.92) | 88.40 (70.72, 114.92) | 88.40 (70.72, 114.92) | 0.082 |
| Sodium (mEq/L)b | 140.00 (138.00, 143.00) | 140.70 (138.00, 143.00) | 140.00 (138.00, 143.00) | 0.524 |
| Potassium (mEq/L)b | 4.30 (3.90, 4.70) | 4.30 (3.90, 4.70) | 4.20 (3.90, 4.70) | 0.346 |
| Calcium (mEq/L)a | 2.13 (1.98, 2.23) | 2.13 (1.98, 2.23) | 2.13 (1.98, 2.25) | 0.669 |
| Chloride (mEq/L)b | 106.00 (103.00, 109.00) | 106.00 (102.00, 109.00) | 106.00 (103.00, 109.00) | 0.395 |
| Prothrombin Time (sec)b | 13.10 (11.90, 15.30) | 13.20 (11.90, 15.50) | 13.00 (11.90, 14.90) | 0.134 |
| PTT (sec)b | 30.40 (26.80, 40.60) | 30.50 (26.80, 40.70) | 30.35 (26.90, 40.60) | 0.871 |
| INRb | 1.20 (1.10, 1.40) | 1.20 (1.10, 1.40) | 1.20 (1.10, 1.38) | 0.126 |
| Anion Gap (mmol/L)a | 13.00 (12.00, 15.00) | 13.00 (12.00, 15.00) | 13.00 (11.00, 15.00) | 0.136 |
| Bicarbonate (mmol/L)a | 22.00 (20.00, 24.00) | 22.00 (20.00, 24.00) | 22.00 (19.42, 24.00) | 0.127 |
| Medications and interventions, no. (%) | ||||
| Endovascular obstruction Removal | 192 (9.19) | 131 (9.08) | 61 (9.44) | 0.790 |
| Alteplase | 38 (1.82) | 24 (1.66) | 14 (2.17) | 0.426 |
| Antiplatelet | 559 (26.76) | 394 (27.30) | 165 (25.54) | 0.400 |
| Anticoagulation | 688 (32.93) | 477 (33.06) | 211 (32.66) | 0.860 |
| Furosemide | 93 (4.45) | 68 (4.71) | 25 (3.87) | 0.388 |
| Mannitol | 83 (3.97) | 55 (3.81) | 28 (4.33) | 0.572 |
| Vasoactive agent | 515 (24.65) | 355 (24.53) | 161 (24.92) | 0.848 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 756 (36.19) | 524 (36.31) | 232 (35.91) | 0.860 |
| Supplemental oxygen | 794 (38.01) | 552 (38.25) | 242 (37.46) | 0.730 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 55 (2.63) | 39 (2.70) | 16 (2.48) | 0.766 |
| Intracranial pressure monitor | 85 (4.07) | 57 (3.95) | 28 (4.33) | 0.681 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| 28-Day Mortality (%) | 457 (21.88) | 311 (21.55) | 146 (22.60) | 0.592 |
| ICU Mortality (%) | 269 (12.88) | 172 (11.92) | 97 (15.02) | 0.051 |
| Hospital mortality (%) | 378 (18.09) | 246 (17.05) | 132 (20.43) | 0.063 |
| ICU LOS (days) | 3.81 (1.98, 7.78) | 3.85 (2.00, 7.89) | 3.54 (1.96, 7.52) | 0.589 |
| Hospital LOS (days) | 9.04 (5.03, 17.54) | 9.18 (5.03, 17.27) | 8.95 (5.03, 17.70) | 0.558 |
ICU, Intensive Care Unit; IQR, interquartile range; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; APS III, Acute Physiology Score III; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; LODS, Logistic Organ Dysfunction System; SAPS II, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II; OASIS, Oxford Acute Severity of Illness Score; SBP, Systolic Blood Pressure; BUN, Blood Urea Nitrogen; PTT, Partial Thromboplastin Time; INR, International Normalized Ratio; LOS, Length of Stay.
Antiplatelet was defined as the use of aspirin, clopidogrel, or dipyridamole within 24 h after ICU admission. Anticoagulation was defined as the use of heparin, warfarin, rivaroxaban, argatroban, apixaban, bivalirudin, or dabigatran within 24 h after ICU admission. A vasoactive agent was defined as the use of norepinephrine, epinephrine, phenylephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, vasopressin, or milrinone within 24 h after ICU admission. The disease severity scoring system, vital indicators, laboratory indicators, and interventions were evaluated within 24 h after ICU admission.
a
The min value of indicators on the first day of ICU stay.
b
The max value of indicators on the first day of ICU stay.
c
The mean value of indicators on the first day of ICU stay.