. 2023 Apr 14;11:991821. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.991821

TABLE 1.

Overview of bioinks used for dental alveolar tissue regeneration with their effects.

Tissue	Matrix	Cell source	Construct type	Printer and printing type	Effects	References
Dental pulp	Alginate/GelMA	hDPSCs (Cells seeded)	-Printed constructs	-Bioplotter Envision Tec	Printed constructs > hydrogel scaffolds. Higher cell attachment, and proliferation. Higher mineralization (Calcium up/ALP up)	Yu et al. (2019)
Dental pulp	Alginate/GelMA	hDPSCs (Cells seeded)	-Hydrogel scaffolds	-Extrusion printing		Yu et al. (2019)
Dental pulp	GelMA-MTA	hDPSCs (Cells seeded)	Printed construct	-Rokit Healthcare IN VIVO printer	GelMA-MTA increases mineralization ALP, DSPP, DMP-1 up	Choi et al. (2022)
Dental pulp	GelMA	hDPSCs (Cells seeded)	Printed construct	-extrusion printing	GelMA-MTA increases mineralization ALP, DSPP, DMP-1 up	Choi et al. (2022)
Dental pulp	fibrinogen/gelatin/hyaluronic acid/glycerol with [fibrinogen] 5–20 mg/mL	hDPSCs (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs	-ITOP system	Spatial differentiation (undifferentiated in central pulp area and dentin deposition in outer area)	Han et al. (2018)
Dental pulp		hDPSCs (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs	-extrusion bioprinting		Han et al. (2018)
Dental pulp	−0.2% Collagen type I/0.5% agarose	hDPSCs/HUVECs (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs in bovine root canal (hand-held bioprinter)	-DropGun Black Drop Biodrucker	Vascularized dental pulp with the three bioinks. (Collagen/agarose bioink has better mechanical properties)	Duarte Campos et al. (2020)
Dental pulp	−0.5% fibrin −0.3% Collagen type I	hDPSCs/HUVECs (Cells encapsulated)		-inkjet bioprinting		Duarte Campos et al. (2020)
Dentin	PCL/45S5 bioglass	hDPSCs (Cells seeded)	Printed constructs	-3DPL bioprinter N2	PCL/bioglass induced dentin formation DSPP, OCN, DMP-1 up	Mousavi Nejad et al. (2021)
Dentin	PCL/Hyaluronic acid	hDPSCs (Cells seeded)	Printed constructs	-extrusion printing	PCL/Hyaluronic acid induced dental pulp formation	Mousavi Nejad et al. (2021)
Dentin	Collagen type I/hydroxyapatite/alginate	hMSCs (Cells seeded)	Printed constructs	-CELLINK bioprinter Biox	Constructs mimic natural dentin. Pores size 2–4 μm. Good cell attachment and proliferation	Naseri et al. (2021)
Dentin	Collagen type I/hydroxyapatite/alginate	hMSCs (Cells seeded)	Printed constructs	-extrusion printing		Naseri et al. (2021)
Dentin	Fibrinogen/gelatin/10% DDM particles	hDPSCs (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs	-ITOP system	Mineralization increases with increase [DDM] DSPP, DMP-1 up	Han et al. (2021)
Dentin	Fibrinogen/gelatin/10% DDM particles	hDPSCs (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs	-extrusion bioprinting	Mineralization increases with increase [DDM] DSPP, DMP-1 up	Han et al. (2021)
Dentin	Alginate/dentin matrix extract (10 and 100 mg/mL)	SCAPs (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs	-Hyrel 3D printer	Optimized printing parameters. Good cell viability. ALP, RUNX2 up	Athirasala et al. (2018)
Dentin	Alginate/dentin matrix extract (10 and 100 mg/mL)	SCAPs (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs	-extrusion bioprinting		Athirasala et al. (2018)
Periodontal ligament	PCL/Hydroxyapatite (+ PLGA microspheres with amelogenin or CTGF or BMP2)	hDPSCs (Cells seeded)	Multi-phasic scaffolds (with A, B, C areas)	-Bioplotter Envision Tec	Spatial cell differentiation. Formation of dentin-cementum, PDL, and alveolar bone	Lee et al. (2014)
Periodontal ligament		hDPSCs (Cells seeded)	Multi-phasic scaffolds (with A, B, C areas)	-Extrusion printing		Lee et al. (2014)
Periodontal ligament	PCL/PGA	hGFs, hPDLSCs (Cells seeded in A, B areas, respectively)	Multi-phasic scaffolds (with A, B areas)	-SolidScape printer Model Maker II	Spatial cell differentiation. Formation of cementum, ligament (with oriented fibers), and bone	Park et al. (2010)
Periodontal ligament	PCL/PGA	hGFs, hPDLSCs (Cells seeded in A, B areas, respectively)	Multi-phasic scaffolds (with A, B areas)	-Extrusion printing		Park et al. (2010)
Periodontal ligament	PCL/4% hydroxyapatite	No cells, but PDGF	Printed scaffold implanted in human	-Formiga P100	No inflammation, no problem for 1 year. At 13 months, dehiscence and wound failure. Scaffold was removed	Rasperini et al. (2015)
Periodontal ligament	PCL/4% hydroxyapatite	No cells, but PDGF	Printed scaffold implanted in human	-selective laser sintering		Rasperini et al. (2015)
Periodontal ligament	GelMA 12.5%	hPDLSCs (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs	-Gesim Bioscaffolder 3.1	Optimized printing parameters. Good cell viability and proliferation	Raveendran et al. (2019)
Periodontal ligament	GelMA 12.5%	hPDLSCs (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs	-inkjet bioprinting		Raveendran et al. (2019)
Gingiva	4% alginate/8% gelatin/(10, 30, 50%) platelet rich fibrin	hGFs	Bioprinted constructs	-Medprin bioprinter 2.0	Optimized printing parameters. Good cell viability and proliferation	Yi et al. (2022)
Gingiva	4% alginate/8% gelatin/(10, 30, 50%) platelet rich fibrin	(Cells encapsulated)	Implanted 4, 8 Wks in nude mice subcutaneously	-Extrusion bioprinting	Host cell infiltration Neovascularization	Yi et al. (2022)
Alveolar bone	Agarose/Collagen type I (with low, medium, high stiffness)	hMSCs (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs	-custom-made bioprinter	Higher osteogenic differentiation in low stiffness bioink Alizarin red staining, ALP, COL1, RUNX2 up	Duarte Campos et al. (2016)
Alveolar bone	Agarose/Collagen type I (with low, medium, high stiffness)	hMSCs (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs	-Inkjet bioprinting		Duarte Campos et al. (2016)
Alveolar bone	BMP2 peptide-conjugated GelMA	hDPSCs (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs	-ITOP system	Good cell viability and proliferation. High calcifi-cation. DSPP, OCN up	Park et al. (2020)
Alveolar bone	BMP2 peptide-conjugated GelMA	hDPSCs (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs	-extrusion bioprinting		Park et al. (2020)
Alveolar bone	Collagen type I 5%/bone dECM 5%/β-TCP 20%	hDPSCs (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs	-three axis DASA Robot system	Osteogenic and odontogenic differentiation. ALP, OCN, OPN up DSPP, DMP-1 up	Kim et al. (2022)
Alveolar bone	Collagen type I 5%/bone dECM 5%/β-TCP 20%	hDPSCs (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs	-Extrusion bioprinting		Kim et al. (2022)
Alveolar bone	GelMA/HAMA	IDG-SW3 (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs	-Bioplotter Envision Tec	After 28 days culture, high DMP-1 and calcium deposition. Cx43, Sost, Phex up, high dendrite density	Yang et al. (2020)
Alveolar bone	GelMA/HAMA/Collagen type I	IDG-SW3 (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs	-Extrusion printing		Yang et al. (2020)
Alveolar bone	SrCS (strontium calcium silicate)	hMSCs (Cells seeded)	Printed constructs	-Gesim Bioscasffolder 3.1	Higher cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation with Sr. ALP, BSP, OPG, OC up	Chiu et al. (2019)
Alveolar bone	SrCS (strontium calcium silicate)	hMSCs (Cells seeded)	Printed constructs	-inkjet bioprinting		Chiu et al. (2019)
Alveolar bone	Collagen/SrCS (bilayers)	hGFs (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs Implanted 12 Wks in rabbit subcutaneously	-Gesim Bioscasffolder 3.1	Promotes FGF2, BMP2, VEGF secretion. Bone formation around and in the construct (bilayers), around only (single layer)	Chen-Ying Wang et al. (2021)
Alveolar bone	SrCS (single layer)	hGFs (Cells encapsulated)		-inkjet bioprinting		Chen-Ying Wang et al. (2021)
Alveolar bone	Octapeptide/amorphous Mg phosphate	hDPSCs (Cells encapsulated)	Bioprinted constructs	-RegenHU printer	Promotes osteogenic differentiation. High mineralization. Increases bone formation and bone density	Dubey et al. (2020)
Alveolar bone	Octapeptide/amorphous Mg phosphate	hDPSCs (Cells encapsulated)	Implanted 4, 8 Wks in rats calvarial defects	-inkjet bioprinting		Dubey et al. (2020)