Table 2. Supervisors’ behavioral responses to racist acts in clinical practice.

Domain	Theme	Sample quotes
Joining	Conciliatory	It’s never the message; it’s always the delivery. We can say these things without our pride as supervisors competing and spiraling into a battle of ideologies. I don’t know how much is won by that. (S5)
	Confrontational	You assert your authority as a boss, a white boss, a non-Black boss—notice I said non-Black boss— that’s intentional, and you say, “We will not accept this behavior.” Period. If you can’t do this, if you can’t stop being racist, you can leave. We will take care of your child, but you cannot stay here. If necessary, we will call security. (S6)
Explicitness	Avoiding	Naming racism and racist behaviors always gets an emotional response. We can confront racism without the emotions unleashed by naming it, which often obscure the problem and prevent possible solutions. (S7)
	Naming	Why should I have to couch my response in terms that are "comfortable" for this aggressor? Why indeed? (S8)
Ownership	Individual	I want to be supportive, but I don’t want to be the rescuer, the “white savior”. How do I empower, but still be supportive at the same time? (D1)
	Shared	It is important to know what kind of support you get from the power structure in that institution because I’ve seen too many times where you will confront somebody and take a stance about their behavior, but because they’re threatened, then somebody who’s higher up comes along and tells you what you’ve done is not correct. And they validate their behavior by saying it was acceptable and yours was not. You need a supportive power structure. (D2)
Involving	Excusing	You don’t want to put such a toll on the person at that moment; you need to give them space and time to express what they want, with whom they want, at the moment they want. (D3)
	Incorporating	Having the discussion with the trainee in the room addressed the reality of the hostile work environment in which they work and recognized the strength it took as a person of color to speak up in this way. (S9)
Stance	Protective	Listen and affirm; do not direct, postulate, pontificate. (D4)
	Paternalistic	Is the pursuit of total protection from any type of harm the best goal to support trainees’ entry into attending and leadership roles? When does supervisor protection veer into protectionism akin to a parent-child relationship instead of working together as colleagues in a shared struggle to end all isms? (F2)

Abbreviations: Verbatim quotes derive from one of three study phases: S = Session; D = Debriefing; and F = Follow-up. The adjacent numbers are sequentially generated and not linked to any given session or participant.