Table 2. Association between life-course factors and intrinsic capacity and its subdomains, China, 2011–2013.
| Variable | Marginal effect (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intrinsic capacity | Locomotion | Cognitive | Vitality | Sensory | Psychological | |
| Gendera | ||||||
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Male | 0.236 (0.222 to 0.250) | 0.031 (−0.022 to 0.083) | 0.119 (0.095 to 0.144) | 0.424 (0.407 to 0.440) | 0.079 (0.063 to 0.096) | 0.427 (0.367 to 0.487) |
| Age group, years | ||||||
| < 45 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 45–60 | −0.124 (−0.159 to −0.088) | −0.089 (−0.148 to −0.029) | −0.095 (−0.157 to −0.033) | −0.049 (−0.084 to −0.014) | −0.187 (−0.233 to −0.140) | −0.109 (−0.249 to 0.032) |
| 60–70 | −0.222 (−0.259 to −0.185) | −0.216 (−0.284 to −0.148) | −0.142 (−0.206 to −0.078) | −0.190 (−0.227 to −0.154) | −0.255 (−0.303 to −0.207) | −0.105 (−0.251 to 0.040) |
| 70–80 | −0.346 (−0.386 to −0.307) | −0.513 (−0.606 to −0.419) | −0.253 (−0.321 to −0.185) | −0.347 (−0.385 to −0.308) | −0.303 (−0.353 to −0.252) | −0.126 (−0.281 to 0.029) |
| ≥ 80 | −0.525 (−0.585 to −0.466) | −1.411 (−1.714 to −1.108) | −0.424 (−0.516 to −0.332) | −0.458 (−0.520 to −0.396) | −0.351 (−0.418 to −0.285) | −0.236 (−0.460 to −0.012) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Single | −0.056 (−0.070 to −0.042) | −0.045 (−0.095 to 0.005) | −0.073 (−0.097 to −0.048) | −0.044 (−0.058 to −0.030) | −0.003 (−0.019 to 0.013) | −0.165 (−0.223 to −0.108) |
| Education level | ||||||
| No education | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Primary school | 0.193 (0.178 to 0.208) | 0.151 (0.101 to 0.201) | 0.563 (0.537 to 0.590) | 0.025 (0.011 to 0.040) | −0.004 (−0.020 to 0.013) | 0.025 (−0.036 to 0.085) |
| Middle school | 0.302 (0.285 to 0.320) | 0.168 (0.111 to 0.226) | 0.815 (0.784 to 0.846) | 0.072 (0.053 to 0.091) | 0.027 (0.006 to 0.047) | 0.030 (−0.044 to 0.103) |
| High school | 0.361 (0.339 to 0.382) | 0.182 (0.113 to 0.252) | 0.897 (0.860 to 0.933) | 0.086 (0.060 to 0.111) | 0.065 (0.039 to 0.092) | 0.119 (0.028 to 0.209) |
| College and above | 0.412 (0.353 to 0.472) | 0.183 (−0.028 to 0.394) | 0.952 (0.874 to 1.030) | 0.038 (−0.036 to 0.111) | 0.097 (0.011 to 0.182) | 0.242 (0.006 to 0.478) |
| Residence | ||||||
| Rural | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Urban | 0.048 (0.034 to 0.062) | 0.001 (−0.047 to 0.049) | 0.093 (0.069 to 0.117) | 0.019 (0.002 to 0.036) | 0.027 (0.010 to 0.045) | −0.062 (−0.119 to −0.004) |
| Urban hukoub | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 0.062 (0.046 to 0.079) | 0.006 (−0.048 to 0.061) | 0.114 (0.087 to 0.142) | 0.012 (−0.009 to 0.032) | 0.032 (0.012 to 0.052) | 0.048 (−0.020 to 0.116) |
| Family economic status | ||||||
| Poorest | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Poorer | 0.032 (0.017 to 0.047) | 0.060 (0.006 to 0.113) | 0.055 (0.028 to 0.081) | 0.032 (0.016 to 0.049) | 0.013 (−0.005 to 0.030) | −0.035 (−0.095 to 0.025) |
| Average | 0.044 (0.029 to 0.059) | 0.033 (−0.021 to 0.086) | 0.064 (0.037 to 0.091) | 0.037 (0.020 to 0.053) | 0.032 (0.014 to 0.050) | −0.006 (−0.067 to 0.055) |
| Richer | 0.048 (0.032 to 0.063) | 0.007 (−0.049 to 0.063) | 0.087 (0.059 to 0.114) | 0.037 (0.020 to 0.054) | 0.032 (0.014 to 0.050) | −0.017 (−0.080 to 0.045) |
| Richest | 0.066 (0.049 to 0.082) | −0.003 (−0.065 to 0.058) | 0.124 (0.095 to 0.152) | 0.037 (0.019 to 0.055) | 0.053 (0.034 to 0.073) | −0.030 (−0.095 to 0.036) |
| Literacy | ||||||
| Mother illiterate | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mother literate | 0.027 (0.009 to 0.044) | 0.040 (−0.005 to 0.084) | 0.007 (−0.021 to 0.035) | 0.020 (−0.002 to 0.042) | 0.040 (0.019 to 0.061) | −0.010 (−0.083 to 0.063) |
| Father illiterate | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Father literate | 0.040 (0.029 to 0.051) | 0.035 (0.001 to 0.069) | 0.077 (0.057 to 0.096) | 0.024 (0.011 to 0.036) | 0.012 (−0.001 to 0.025) | 0.043 (−0.003 to 0.089) |
| Childhood health | ||||||
| General | ||||||
| High | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Average | −0.043 (−0.054 to −0.032) | −0.003 (−0.038 to 0.032) | −0.026 (−0.045 to −0.007) | −0.031 (−0.044 to −0.019) | −0.061 (−0.074 to −0.047) | −0.059 (−0.106 to −0.012) |
| Low | −0.082 (−0.099 to −0.065) | −0.032 (−0.090 to 0.027) | −0.046 (−0.076 to −0.016) | −0.074 (−0.093 to −0.055) | −0.077 (−0.098 to −0.057) | −0.218 (−0.291 to −0.145) |
| Severely ill before the age of 16 years | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | −0.022 (−0.046 to 0.001) | −0.031 (−0.106 to 0.043) | −0.021 (−0.062 to 0.019) | −0.006 (−0.030 to 0.018) | −0.008 (−0.033 to 0.017) | −0.061 (−0.158 to 0.035) |
| Severely ill after the age of 16 years | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | −0.064 (−0.079 to −0.050) | −0.201 (−0.258 to −0.144) | −0.034 (−0.059 to −0.010) | −0.046 (−0.062 to −0.030) | −0.035 (−0.052 to −0.019) | −0.199 (−0.258 to −0.139) |
| Access to health-care services | ||||||
| Vaccination deficiencyc | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | −0.027 (−0.042 to −0.012) | 0.014 (−0.037 to 0.065) | −0.063 (−0.090 to −0.035) | −0.019 (−0.035 to −0.004) | −0.006 (−0.023 to 0.011) | −0.008 (−0.072 to 0.057) |
| Physician deficiencyd | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | −0.030 (−0.048 to −0.012) | 0.026 (−0.033 to 0.084) | −0.026 (−0.057 to 0.005) | −0.005 (−0.024 to 0.014) | −0.038 (−0.058 to −0.018) | −0.069 (−0.143 to 0.004) |
| Healthy behaviour | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 0.027 (0.016 to 0.039) | 0.018 (−0.018 to 0.053) | 0.064 (0.044 to 0.084) | 0.010 (−0.003 to 0.023) | 0.006 (−0.008 to 0.019) | 0.041 (−0.005 to 0.088) |
| Starvation | ||||||
| None | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Low | −0.006 (−0.020 to 0.007) | 0.031 (−0.014 to 0.076) | 0.016 (−0.008 to 0.040) | 0.000 (−0.016 to 0.016) | −0.021 (−0.038 to −0.005) | −0.088 (−0.145 to −0.030) |
| Moderate | 0.007 (−0.009 to 0.024) | 0.038 (−0.015 to 0.091) | 0.049 (0.019 to 0.078) | 0.009 (−0.010 to 0.028) | −0.024 (−0.044 to −0.004) | −0.042 (−0.111 to 0.028) |
| Severe | −0.033 (−0.050 to −0.016) | 0.019 (−0.037 to 0.076) | −0.030 (−0.059 to −0.000) | −0.010 (−0.028 to 0.008) | −0.035 (−0.054 to −0.015) | −0.153 (−0.224 to −0.082) |
| Famine | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 0.020 (0.006 to 0.035) | 0.036 (−0.014 to 0.087) | 0.047 (0.022 to 0.072) | 0.031 (0.016 to 0.047) | −0.012 (−0.030 to 0.006) | 0.006 (−0.055 to 0.068) |
| Famine death in family | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | −0.008 (−0.025 to 0.009) | 0.047 (−0.006 to 0.100) | −0.008 (−0.038 to 0.021) | 0.013 (−0.005 to 0.032) | −0.009 (−0.028 to 0.010) | −0.094 (−0.169 to −0.020) |
| Economic status in childhood | ||||||
| High | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Average | 0.010 (−0.001 to 0.022) | 0.012 (−0.025 to 0.049) | 0.006 (−0.014 to 0.026) | 0.005 (−0.008 to 0.018) | 0.008 (−0.005 to 0.021) | 0.033 (−0.015 to 0.081) |
| Low | 0.007 (−0.012 to 0.025) | 0.003 (−0.057 to 0.064) | −0.019 (−0.051 to 0.014) | −0.017 (−0.039 to 0.005) | 0.024 (0.001 to 0.047) | 0.075 (−0.005 to 0.155) |
| Neighbourhood quality | ||||||
| Highest | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| High | −0.012 (−0.023 to −0.000) | −0.020 (−0.056 to 0.017) | −0.013 (−0.032 to 0.007) | 0.003 (−0.010 to 0.016) | −0.018 (−0.031 to −0.004) | −0.026 (−0.074 to 0.021) |
| Poor | −0.039 (−0.059 to −0.020) | 0.004 (−0.059 to 0.067) | −0.075 (−0.111 to −0.038) | −0.021 (−0.043 to −0.000) | −0.020 (−0.043 to 0.003) | −0.024 (−0.108 to 0.060) |
| Poorest | −0.056 (−0.092 to −0.019) | −0.111 (−0.255 to 0.032) | −0.056 (−0.115 to 0.002) | −0.048 (−0.082 to −0.015) | −0.027 (−0.065 to 0.011) | −0.052 (−0.181 to 0.077) |
| Friendship deficiency | ||||||
| Low | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Lower | −0.045 (−0.057 to −0.033) | −0.057 (−0.096 to −0.017) | −0.061 (−0.082 to −0.040) | −0.024 (−0.038 to −0.011) | −0.027 (−0.040 to −0.013) | −0.049 (−0.099 to 0.001) |
| Higher | −0.073 (−0.094 to −0.053) | −0.016 (−0.087 to 0.056) | −0.118 (−0.156 to −0.081) | −0.027 (−0.050 to −0.003) | −0.037 (−0.061 to −0.013) | −0.151 (−0.240 to −0.062) |
| Highest | −0.109 (−0.159 to −0.059) | −0.031 (−0.186 to 0.123) | −0.105 (−0.190 to −0.019) | −0.028 (−0.072 to 0.017) | −0.064 (−0.121 to −0.007) | −0.321 (−0.511 to −0.131) |
| Parental mental health | ||||||
| Mother | ||||||
| Good | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Poor | −0.004 (−0.020 to 0.011) | 0.021 (−0.024 to 0.067) | −0.003 (−0.030 to 0.023) | 0.018 (0.001 to 0.034) | 0.001 (−0.017 to 0.019) | −0.107 (−0.173 to −0.041) |
| Father | ||||||
| Good | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Poor | −0.038 (−0.055 to −0.021) | −0.026 (−0.079 to 0.026) | −0.045 (−0.075 to −0.016) | −0.023 (−0.041 to −0.005) | −0.020 (−0.040 to −0.000) | −0.062 (−0.133 to 0.009) |
| Domestic violence | ||||||
| Low | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Lower | 0.003 (−0.011 to 0.017) | −0.007 (−0.052 to 0.038) | 0.005 (−0.018 to 0.029) | 0.014 (−0.001 to 0.029) | −0.007 (−0.024 to 0.009) | −0.050 (−0.109 to 0.008) |
| Higher | 0.001 (−0.016 to 0.018) | 0.012 (−0.038 to 0.061) | 0.018 (−0.010 to 0.047) | 0.018 (−0.003 to 0.040) | −0.019 (−0.038 to 0.000) | −0.109 (−0.179 to −0.039) |
| Highest | −0.009 (−0.045 to 0.026) | 0.016 (−0.091 to 0.123) | −0.029 (−0.086 to 0.028) | 0.041 (0.009 to 0.074) | 0.003 (−0.039 to 0.045) | −0.080 (−0.229 to 0.068) |
| Mentoring and support | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 0.019 (0.007 to 0.031) | 0.038 (0.004 to 0.073) | 0.040 (0.019 to 0.060) | 0.012 (−0.002 to 0.026) | 0.011 (−0.003 to 0.026) | −0.014 (−0.064 to 0.035) |
| Tobacco consumption | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | −0.027 (−0.040 to −0.014) | 0.017 (−0.029 to 0.063) | −0.040 (−0.062 to −0.018) | −0.009 (−0.024 to 0.007) | −0.016 (−0.032 to −0.001) | −0.053 (−0.107 to 0.001) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 0.025 (0.014 to 0.036) | 0.053 (0.016 to 0.090) | 0.006 (−0.013 to 0.026) | 0.046 (0.033 to 0.059) | 0.024 (0.010 to 0.038) | −0.006 (−0.054 to 0.041) |
| Chronic disease | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | −0.085 (−0.096 to −0.074) | −0.097 (−0.127 to −0.066) | −0.022 (−0.041 to −0.003) | −0.034 (−0.046 to −0.022) | −0.108 (−0.121 to −0.094) | −0.326 (−0.371 to −0.281) |
a The interviewer recorded respondent’s gender as either female or male.
b Hukou is an individual registered in the Chinese household registration system.
c Vaccination deficiency was assessed by the question: before or when you were 15 years old, did you receive any vaccinations?
d Physician deficiency was assessed by the question: have you always had a usual source of care, that is, a particular person or a place that you went to when you were sick or needed advice about your health?
Note: Further information on the measurement of variables is available in the online repository.25