Table 2.

Popular probiotic strains, their location in the gut, function in the human body, and health benefits with their source (food).

Strain Name	Location in Gut	Function	Source (Food)	Health Benefits	Refs.
Bifidobacterium bifidum	Interior intestine	Activate the host immunity, adhere to gut mucosa, and metabolize host glycan (mucin)	Yogurt, Kefir, Sauerkraut, Garlic	Prevent inflammation, Enteric cancer, Ulcerative colitis and depression	[63,64]
Bifidobacterium breve	Gastrointestinal tract	Modulating expression of inflammatory receptors	Kombucha, water kefir, and raw sauerkraut	Prevent pediatrics, For pathologies such as diarrhea and infant colics, to celiac disease, obesity, allergic and neurological disorders	[65,66,67]
Bifidobacterium longum	Interior intestine	Inhibits inflammation by regulating the immune system, improving the intestinal barrier function, and increasing acetate production	Goat dairy products, such as yogurt, kefir, seaweed, and miso soup	Reduced stress and improved memory, improving irritable bowel syndrome	[68,69,70]
Bifidobacterium animalis	Majorly in animal intestine	Reduce the inflammatory receptor expression	Mammalian colon and Milk	Constipation, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), respiratory system infections, and excessive screaming in infants	[71,72]
Bifidobacterium catenulatum	On the wall of GI	Maintain functional integrity of gut	Mostly found in breast-fed infants	Folate production in the intestines of infants mainly	[73,74]
Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum	Stomach	Intestine cancer prevention, Enhancement of host immune responses, maintain liver functionality	Milk, dairy products, and other carbohydrate source such as xylan or arabinoxylan	Modulate the gut–bone axis, inhibit inflammation, blocking Pro inflammatory Cytokines, Inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB Signaling	[75,76,77]
Akkermansia muciniphila	Resides in the mucus layer of the large intestine	Increasing mucus thickness and increasing gut barrier function	Cranberries, grapes, black tea, and walnuts	Protecting and strengthening your gut lining, prevents inflammation, manage glucose level in body	[78,79,80]
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	Inside the intestine	High production of SCFAs that escape digestion and absorption in small intestine	Fruits and vegetables such as chicory roots, wheat, onion, banana, garlic, and leek	Weakened intestinal anti-inflammatory and immune regulation capabilities.	[81]
Lactobacillus acidophilus	Stomach, duodenum, and jejunum	Inhibiting carcinogen and mutagen formation, altering overall metabolism	Milk enriched with acidophilus, yoghurt, miso, and tempeh	Treat bacterial vaginosis, yeast infection, digestive disorder, and some neurological disorder	[82,83]
Lactococcus lactis	Passage of GI	Improved the growth performance and regulated amino acid profiles, intestinal immunity, and microbiota in weaning piglets	Yogurt, cheese, and sauerkraut	Exhibit protection against non-respiratory pathogens, such as HIV, Human papillomavirus and the malarial parasite	[84]
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum	Small intestine barrier	Immunomodulating properties and decrease the anti-inflammatory cytokine	Kimchi, Ogi, sourdough, and fermented plant material, and fermented sausages	Antioxidant, cancer-preventative, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetic properties	[85]
Clostridium butyricum	Intestinal tract	Intestinal microbiota disorder in human and enhance the humoral immune response	Soured milk and cheeses.	suppress inflammatory cytokine secretion, and modulate CNS autoimmunity, inhibit the increase in IL-17A gene expression	[86,87]
E. coli	Lower intestine	Keep digestive system healthy, breakdown and digestion of food	Raw vegetables and undercooked ground beef and contaminated water	Growth of tumor inhibit by ClyA toxin (E. coli), decreased the postprandial blood glucose, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-amyloidic	[88]