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Time-dependent antimicrobial effects of the ZW solution and ZW/GDL hydrogel toward (A) E. coli and (B) S. aureus bacteria. (C) Photographs of bacterial colonies formed by E. coli treated with control (C1), solution (C2), and hydrogel (C3). (D) Photographs of bacterial colonies formed by S. aureus treated with control (D1), solution (D2), and hydrogel (D3). For comparison, blank refers to NAHCO3/GDL solution of pH 6.0 without ZW.
