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Flow chart of bacterial-immobilization method. For NFDM, whole milk, and ice cream, the immobilization efficiencies of L. monocytogenes and serovar Enteritidis were evaluated with zirconium hydroxide. For specificity studies, zirconium, titanous, and hafnium hydroxides were evaluated for the concentrations of E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, serovar Enteritidis, P. aeruginosa, L. monocytogenes, Lactobacillus spp., B. cereus, and L. lactis.
