Table 1.
Articles on Leptospira spp. and leptospirosis published in Ecuador since 1919 until 2021. Studies are alphabetically order considering the first author’s name. Details of specific studies (in bold) can be found at the end of the table.
| First Author/ Pub. Year |
Article Type | Region/ Province |
Language/ Target |
Sample Source | Studied Cases | Positive Cases | Diagnostic Method | Leptospira spp. | Serovars |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Noguchi H, 1919 [20] |
Original research | Coast/ Guayas |
English/ International |
Human | 172 | 172 | Serology | NA | NA |
| 2. Carbo Noboa JM, 1924 [22] |
Case report | Coast/ Guayas |
Spanish/ National |
Human | 1 | 1 | Culture | NA | NA |
| 3. Bravo M & Leon P, 1962 [23] |
Original research | Andes/ Pichincha |
Spanish/ National |
Cattle | 1780 | 216 | Serum agglutination * | interrogans | Pomona |
| 4. Barrera Sosa O, 1970 [24] |
Case report | Coast/ Guayas |
Spanish/ National |
Human | 1 | 1 | Culture, MAT | interrogans | Grippotyphosa |
| 5. Dávila A et al., 1979 [27] |
Original research | Coast/ Guayas & Los Rios |
Spanish/ National |
Multiple animals ø | 117 | 23 | Culture, Microscopy | NA | NA |
| 6. Yépez W et al., 1979 [25] |
Original research | Coast/ Guayas & Los Ríos |
Spanish/ National |
Human | 8 | 3 | MAT | interrogans | Australis, Cynopteri, Hyos, Wolffi, |
| 7. Chavez J, 1985 [30] |
Original research | Coast & Andes/ Guayas & Pichincha |
Spanish/ National |
Pigs | 200 | 99 | MAT | NA | Australis, Autumnalis, Bataviae, Canicola, Castellonis, Copenhageni, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Pomona, Pyrogenes, Sejroe, Tarassovi, Wolffii |
| 8. Gutierrez EC, 1986 [13] |
Thesis | Andes/ Pichincha |
Spanish/ National |
Cattle | 160 | 1 | Culture, Microscopy | interrogans | NA |
| 9. Jibaja E et al., 2000 [31] |
Case report | Coast/ Esmeraldas |
Spanish/ National |
Human | 1 | 1 | Histophatology | NA | NA |
| 10. Chedraui P et al., 2001 [32] |
Case report | Coast/ Guayas |
Spanish/ National |
Human | 1 | 1 | MAT | interrogans | Ballum, Icterohaemorrhagiae |
| 11. Gelman S et al., 2002 [33] |
Case series | Coast/ Guayas |
English/ International |
Human | 2 | 2 | Culture | NA | NA |
| 12. Manock SR et al., 2009 [34] |
Original research | Amazon/ Pastaza |
English/ International |
Human | 533 | 40 | ELISA | NA | NA |
| 13. Baquero-Cardenas MI, 2011 [14] |
Thesis | Coast & Andes/ Pichincha & Sto. Dgo. Tsáchilas |
English/ National |
Cattle | 547 | 73 | PCR & DNA sequencing | borgpetersenii, inadai | NA |
| 14. Barragán V et al., 2011 [35] |
Original research | Amazon/ Napo |
English/ International |
Environment | NA | NA | Culture, PCR | biflexa, meyeri, santarosai | NA |
| 15. Gamboa AA et al., 2013 [26] |
Original research | Coast/ Guayas |
English/ International |
Human | 135 | 18 | ELISA, MAT | NA | Autumnalis, Icterohaemorragiae, Panama, Patoc, Pomona, Tarassovi |
| 16. Valarezo-Sevilla D et al., 2014 [36] |
Case series | Coast/ Manabí |
English/ International |
Human | 2 | 2 | ELISA | NA | NA |
| 17. Sosa A, 2015 [37] |
Thesis | Coast/ Manabí |
Spanish/ National |
Multiple hosts ** | 295 | 19 | PCR | borgpetersenii, interrogans, kirschneri, noguchii, santarosai, wolffii | NA |
| 18. Chiriboga J et al., 2015 [17] |
Original research | Coast/ Multiple † |
English/ International |
Multiple hosts †† | 670 | 254 | PCR & DNA sequencing | borgpetersenii, inadai, kirschneri, wolffii | NA |
| 19. Mendoza R, 2015 [38] |
Thesis |
Coast/
Multiple º |
Spanish/ National |
Human | 5443 | 1371 | MAT, ELISA | santarosai | Australis, Autumnalis, Babudieri, Babudieri, Bataviae, Borincana, Bratislava, Canicola, Celledoni, Celledoni, Copenhageni, Djasiman, Cynopteri, Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Panama, Patoc, Pomona, Pyrogenes, Saxkoebing, Sejroe, Shermani, Wolffi |
| 20. Cartelle-Gestal M et al., 2015 [39] |
Review | Nationwide/ Nationwide |
English/ International |
Human | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 21. Salinas A et al., 2016 [40] |
Poster | Coast/ Manabí |
Spanish/ National |
Human | 576 | 2 | RT-PCR | interrogans, santarosai | Icterohaemorrhagiae |
| 22. Barragan V et al., 2016 [41] |
Original research | Coast/ Manabí |
English/ International |
Multiple hosts ºº | 1002 | 173 | RT-PCR & DNA sequencing | Borgpeterseni, interrogans, kirschnerii, noguchii, santarosai, wolffii | NA |
| 23. Barragan V et al., 2016 [42] |
Original research | Coast/ Manabí |
English/ International |
Multiple hosts *** | 2 | 2 | Culture & DNA sequencing | interrogans, santarosai | NA |
| 24. Roman-Cárdenas F & Chávez-Valdivieso R, 2016 [43] |
Original research | Andes/ Loja |
Spanish/ National |
Cattle | 600 | 449 | MAT | NA | NA |
| 25. Zambrano P et al., 2017 [44] |
Original research | Coast/ Manabí |
Spanish/ International |
Human | 248 | 248 | NA | NA | NA |
| 26. Zambrano-Sanchez G et al., 2017 [45] |
Case report | Andes/ Pichincha |
Spanish/ National |
Human | 1 | 1 | ELISA | NA | NA |
| 27. Barragan V et al., 2017 [46] |
Review | Coast/ Manabí |
English/ International |
Cattle | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 28. Denkinger et al., 2017 [47] |
Original research | Galápagos Islands/ Galápagos Islands |
English/ International |
Sea lions | 7 | 5 | PCR & DNA sequencing | NA | NA |
| 29. Chamaidan-Ramon G & Loaiza-Guzman FM, 2018 [48] |
Case report | Coast/ El Oro |
Spanish/ National |
Human | 1 | 1 | MAT, ELISA | NA | NA |
| 30. Lascano P et al., 2018 [49] |
Original Research | Andes/ Cotopaxi |
Spanish/ National |
Multiple animals && | 252 | NA | MAT | interrogans | Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Sejroe, Tarassovi |
| 31. Campos J, 2018 [50] |
Poster | Coast/ Guayas |
Spanish/ National |
Rats | 30 | 16 | MAT | interrogans | Autumnali, Bataviae, Canicola, Celledoni, Copenhageni, Djasiman, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Pomona, Sejroe, Saxkoebin, Tarassovi |
| 32. Meneses E, 2018 [18] |
Thesis | Nationwide | Spanish/ National |
Human | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 33. Maldonado A et al., 2018 [51] |
Thesis | Andes/ Pichincha |
Spanish/ National |
Dogs | 90 | 5 | MAT | NA | Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae |
| 34. Torres P & Miño G, 2019 [52] |
Case report | Coast/ Guayas |
Spanish/ International |
Human | 1 | 1 | MAT | NA | Shermani |
| 35. Chiriboga C, 2019 [53] |
Thesis | Andes/ Pichincha |
Spanish/ National |
Multiple animals $$ | 198 | 62 | MAT | NA | Bataviae, Bratislava, Canicola, Hardjo, Sejroe |
|
36. Burgos-Macías DI et al., 2019 ß
[54] |
Original research | Coast/ Manabí |
Spanish/ International |
Human | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 37. Burgos-Macias DI et al., 2019 [10] |
Original research | Coast/ Manabí |
English/ International |
Cattle | 854 | 490 | MAT | interrogans | Canicola, Hardjo, Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Gruppotyphosa, Wolffi, Bratislava, Copenhageni |
| 38. Romero-Sandoval N et al., 2019 [55] |
Original research | Amazon/ Morona Santiago |
English/ International |
Human | 216 | 108 | ELISA | NA | NA |
| 39. Muyulema EH, 2020 [56] |
Thesis | Amazon/ Zamora Chinchipe |
Spanish/ National |
Cattle | 213 | 26 | MAT | borgpeterseni, interrogans | Australis, Bataviae, Canicola, Sejroe |
| 40. Núñez-González S, 2020 [57] |
Review | Nationwide/ Nationwide |
English/ International |
Human | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 41. Orlando SA et al., 2020 [15] |
Original research | Coast/ Guayas |
English/ International |
Multiple animals || | 29 | 29 | MAT | interrogans | Australis, Autumnalis, Bataviae, Canicola, Copenhageni, Cynopteri, Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Sejroe, Tarassovi, Wolfii |
| 42. Orlando SA et al., 2020 [58] |
Original research | Coast/ Santa Elena |
English/ International |
Horses | 108 | 108 | MAT | borgpetersenii, interrogans, kirschneri | Bataviae, Bratislava, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Sejroe, Tarassovi |
| 43. Zambrano-Gavilanez MP et al., 2020 [59] |
Original research | Coast/ Manabí |
Spanish/ International |
Pigs | 280 | 53 | MAT | interrogans | Australis, Bataviae, Canicola, Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Sejroe, Tarassovi, Wolffi |
| 44. Ruano M et al., 2020 [60] |
Original research | Coast/Manabí | Spanish/ International |
Cattle | 749 | 421 | MAT | interrogans | Bratislava, Canicola, Copenageni, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Wolffii |
| 45. Pinta D, 2020 [61] |
Thesis | Andes/Loja | Spanish/ National |
Dogs | 100 | 29 | MAT | NA | Autumnalis, Canicola, Hebdomadis, Patoc, Pomona |
| 46. Miller et al., 2021 [62] |
Original research | Coast/Manabí | English/ International |
Environment | 72 | 11 | RT-PCR & DNA sequencing | NA | NA |
| 47. Calvopiña et al., 2022 [12] |
Original research | Nationwide | English/ International |
Human | NA | 2584 | MAT, ELISA | NA | NA |
Destails of specific publications: * Bravo M & Leon P, 1962 [23]: Serum agglutination using the Stoenner method. ø Dávila A et al., 1979 [27]: Included different rat species = Rattus rattus, R. alexandrinos, R. novergicus and opposums (Didelphis marsupialis). The manuscript does not specify the number of each animal category. ** Sosa A, 2015 [37]: Multiple hosts include Humans = 159, Animals: rats = 80, pigs = 30, cattle = 26, Environment = freshwater. † Chiriboga J, et al., 2015 [17]: Multiple provinces include Esmeraldas, Manabí & Guayas. †† Chiriboga J, et al., 2015 [17]: Multiple hosts include: Humans = 464, Animals: Dogs = 30, Pigs= 57, cattle = 54, rats = 66. º Mendoza R, 2015 [38]: Multiple provinces include: Manabí, Esmeraldas, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Los Ríos, Guayas, Santa Elena, El Oro. ºº Barragan V, et al., 2016, a [41]: Multiple hosts include: Humans = 608; Animals: cattle = 165, pigs = 128, rats = 101. *** Barragan V, et al., 2016, b [42]: Multiple hosts include: Human = 1, Cattle = 1. && Lascano P, et al., 2018 [49]: Publication does not specify the number of categories that belong to either dogs or cattle. Thus, we did not include them in the total sum of cases. $$ Chiriboga C, 2019 [53]: Multiple animals include: Cattle= 77, sheep = 68, dogs = 21, pigs = 32. ß Burgos-Macías DI, et al., 2019 [54]: Publication that evaluates knowledge, attitudes, and practices. || Orlando SA, et al., 2020 [15]: Multiple animals include: Domestic: dogs = 4, horses = 3, cattle = 3, sheep = 3, pigs = 3, rabbits = 3, guinea pig = 1; Wild = lions = 3, Nasua nasua = 2, Nasuella olivacea = 1, Leopardus tigrinus = 1, Lagothrix lagotrichia = 1, Cebus aequatorialies = 1.