Table 2.
In vivo studies evaluating bacteriophages activity against poultry-associated pathogens (nd—not determined).
| Phage | Origin | Target (Gram) | Administration Route | Dosage (PFU—Plaque-Forming Unit) |
Effect | Study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phage type 14, type 40 and type 141 | Raw human sewage | S. Typhimurium (−) | Feed | 105 and 1010 PFU/mL | Reduction in the viable numbers of S. Typhimurium in the crop, small intestine and caeca for up to 12 h after inoculation with smaller reductions in the liver at 24 and 48 h after infection | [108] |
| Phage R | Human sewage | E. coli (−) | Intramuscular Intracranial |
102–106 PFU 106–108 PFU |
Long persistence of phages in tissues, which may be useful in prophylaxis and treatment of colibacillosis | [122] |
| DAF6 and SPR02 | Municipal and poultry processing waste |
E. coli (−) | Aerosol Intramuscular |
Aerosol spray: 7.65 × 108 (DAF6) and 2.83 × 109 (SPR02) PFU/mL; injection: 1.88 × 109 (DAF6) and 6.35 × 108 (SPR02) | Successful treatment of E. coli infection by intramuscular injection, which also could be used to prevent colibacillosis in poultry | [123] |
| Phage 69 (NCTC 12669) and Phage 71 (NCTC 12671) | National Collection of Type Cultures in the UK | C. jejuni (−) | Feed | 4 × 109 to 2 × 1010 PFU |
Significant decrease in Campylobacter colonization | [116] |
| CP8 and CP34 | Ceca and upper and lower intestines of chicken | Campylobacter (−) | Feed | log10 5, 7 and 9 PFU | Decrease in the bacterial load depending on the amount of phage and time of administration | [117] |
| Esc-A | Sewage | E. coli (−) | Oral | 105 PFU | More efficient decrease in the death rate compared to chloramphenicol treatment | [125] |
| CP220 | nd |
C. jejuni (−) C. coli (−) |
Oral gavage | log10 5, 7 and 9 PFU | Decrease in Campylobacter colonization | [118] |
| phiCcoIBB35, phiCcoIBB37 and phiCcoIBB12 | Poultry intestinal contents |
C. jejuni (−) C. coli (−) |
Oral gavage/feed | Phage cocktail with 1 × 106–1.5 × 107 PFU | Reduction in the number of C. jejuni (Experiment 1) and C. coli (Experiment 2) colonization in chickens | [119] |
| UAB_Phi20, UAB_Phi78 and UAB_Phi87 | Chicken cloacae and pig rectal swabs | Salmonella spp. (−) | Oral | Phage cocktail with 1010 PFU/animal | The frequent treatment of the chickens with bacteriophages, especially prior to colonization of the intestinal tract by Salmonella, is required to achieve effective bacterial reduction over time | [109] |
| ST4, L13 and SG3 | Sewage water treatment | S. Gallinarum (−) | Feed | Phage cocktail with 108 PFU/kg |
Significant decrease in bacterial isolation from the organs and mortality in chickens treated with the bacteriophages | [110] |
| Phages NCTC12672, 12673, 12674 and 12678 | British phage typing scheme | C. jejuni (−) | Drinking water | Phage cocktail with log10 5.8 to 7.5 PFU/bird | Decrease in Campylobacter load | [120] |
| Phages 1 (NCTC 12673), 2 (NCTC 12674), 5 (NCTC 12678) and 13 (NCTC 12672) | National Collection of Type Cultures | C. jejuni (−) | Oral | Single phage or a four-phage cocktail (107 PFU/bird) |
Permanent reduction in Campylobacter load by the phage cocktail, as well as by the single phage. However, the cocktail delayed the emergence of phage resistance | [121] |
| nd | Sewage water taken at broiler farm |
S. Typhimurium (−) S. Enteritidis (−) |
Oral | 1.18 × 1011 PFU/chick to1.03 × 1012 PFU/chick | No detection of Salmonella in the cecum after the last (5th) dose | [111] |