Table 1.
The effects of H2 intervention on DMs.
| Disease Type | Model System | Routes of H2 Delivery | H2 Concentration | Duration | Initial FBG Levels (mmol/L) | Reduction (%) | Main Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T2DM | HFD (4 weeks) and low-dose STZ (25 mg/kg)-induced DM rat | drinking HRW | >0.6 mM | 3 weeks | ~22 | ~14 | FBG, TG, TC, LDL-c, HDL-c, IL-1β, hepatic fat, renal and spleen tissue damage: ↓ GHb: NSC |
[12] |
| T2DM | HFD (4 weeks) and STZ (100 mg/kg)-induced DM mice | subcutaneous injection of H2 gas | ~0.8 mM | 4 weeks | ~24 | ~40 | FBG, insulin, TG, LDL-c: ↓ HDL-c: ↑ glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity: ↑ diabetic renal injury: ↓ |
[13] |
| T2DM | HGHFD-induced (8 weeks) insulin resistance rat model, high glucose and HFD (4 weeks) and low-dose STZ (20 mg/kg)-induced DM rat | oral gavage of HRS | NA | 8 weeks | NA | IR: 12.50%; DM: 19.63% | IR: FBG, insulin, TG, TC, LDL-c: ↓, insulin sensitivity: ↑ DM: FBG, TG, TC, LDL-c: ↓ |
[14] |
| T2DM | HFD (30 days) and low-dose STZ (35 mg/kg)-induced DM rat | drinking HRW | 0.5 mM | 2 weeks | NA | NA | insulin: ↑ IRs expression in the adipose and skeletal muscle tissues: ↑ |
[15] |
| T2DM | HFD (4 weeks) and low-dose STZ (30 mg/kg)-induced DM rat | intravenous injection of HRS | >0.6 mM | 80 days | ~28 | ~50 | FBG, TG, TC, LDL-c: ↓ HDL-c: ↑ insulin resistance, pancreatic islets and glomeruli damage: ↓ insulin: NSC |
[16] |
| T2DM | Leprdb/db mice | drinking HRW | 0.8 mM | 3 months | NA | 20.75 | FBG, insulin, TG, hepatic fat: ↓ | [17] |
| T2DM | HFD-induced mice, Leprdb/db mice | drinking HRW | 0.8 mM | HFD-induced mice: 25 weeks; db/db mice: 18 weeks | HFD-induced mice): 9.61; db/db mice: 16.56 | NA | FBG, GA, lipid parameters: NSC; | [18] |
| T1DM | STZ (50 mg/kg/day for 5 days)-induced T1DM mice | drinking HRW or intraperitoneal injection of HRS | 0.8 mM | HRW: 18 weeks; HRS: 4 weeks |
NA | HRS: 19.31; HRW: NSC | HRS: FBG, GHb, TG: ↓ HRW: FBG: NSC; GHb, TG: ↓ |
[18] |
| T2DM | Leprdb/db mice | drinking ERW | 0.15–0.3 mM | 4 weeks | ~9 | ~41 | FBG: ↓ insulin: ↑; glucose tolerance: NSC |
[19] |
| T1DM | STZ (60 mg/kg/day for 5 days)-induced T1DM mice | drinking ERW | 0.15–0.3 mM | 6 weeks | NA | 38.98 | FBG: ↓ insulin: NSC glucose tolerance: ↑ |
[19] |
| T1DM | Alloxan (100 mg/kg/injection, 3 injections)-induced T1DM mice | drinking ERW | ~0.5 mM | 9 weeks | 5.39 | 56.35 | FBG: ↓ insulin: ↑ |
[20] |
Abbreviations: HFD, high-fat diet; STZ, streptozotocin; FBG, fast blood glucose; TG, total triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta; GHb, glycated hemoglobin; HGHFD, high glucose and high fat diet; IR, insulin resistance; IRs, insulin receptors; Leprdb/db, leptin receptor-deficient db/db; GA, glycated albumin; ERW, electrolyzed-reduced water; NSC, no significant change; NA, not available.