Table 1.

Classification of traditional antibiotics.

Name	Representative Drugs	Description	Refs.
β-lactam antibiotics	Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Carbapenem, Monobactams	Widely used in clinical treatment, mainly for infectious diseases caused by sensitive bacteria.	[14,15]
Glycopeptides	Vancomycin	Clinical “last resort” for the treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria.	[16]
Lipopeptides	Daptomycin	A highly successful intravenously injectable natural lipopeptide antibiotic whose antibiotic properties make it a key drug in the treatment of drug-resistant Gram-positive infections.	[17]
Aminoglycosides	Streptomycin, Gentamycin	They have excellent activity and low bacterial resistance in the treatment of infections but are hampered by dose-dependent toxic effects in patients with nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity.	[18]
Tetracyclines	Streptomycin, Minocycline, Doxycycline	Broad-spectrum antibiotics used in the treatment of bacterial infections, periodontitis and skin diseases.	[19]
Macrolides	Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin	Play a key role in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.	[20]
Oxazolidinones	Linezolid	The first FDA-approved oxazolidinone antibiotic, a broad-spectrum Gram-positive drug.	[21]
Quinolones	Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Flurofloxacin	The most used and effective clinical application is the treatment of genitourinary tract infections; they are also widely used in the respiratory system, as well as the intestinal system.	[22]
Ansamycins	Geldanamycin, Herbimycin	This class of antibiotics has a variety of biological activities such as antibacterial, antitumor and antiviral. Some of them are currently clinically important anti-tuberculosis drugs.	[23]
Sulfonamides	Mafenide, Sulfacetamide, Sulfamethizole	Clinical antibiotics of the sulfonamide class can be used for infections in several sites, including the respiratory system, urinary system and several other sites.	[24]
Chlorampheicols	Chloromycetin, Thiamphenicol	They are commonly used clinically for the treatment of infections caused by various sensitive bacteria.	[25]
Lincosamides	Lincomycin, Clindamycin	Lincosamides are a clinically important family of antibiotics, and its representative member, lincomycin, has long been used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria.	[26]
Furan antibiotics	Furazolidone, Furantoin, Furacilin	They can be used to treat dysentery, enteritis, gastric ulcers and other gastrointestinal disorders caused by bacteria and protozoa.	[27]