Table 1.
Prenatal and perinatal characteristics across subgroups of child BMI longitudinal trajectories from birth to 18 years.a
| Entire (N = 831) | Early OWO (N = 274) | Late OWO (N = 258) | NW to very late OWO (N = 140) | NW (N = 159) | p-valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age at delivery (years) | 0.057 | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 28.4 (6.54) | 29.1 (6.46) | 28.5 (6.42) | 27.8 (6.80) | 27.4 (6.54) | |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 0.001 | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 26.9 (6.41) | 26.8 (6.37) | 28.0 (6.51) | 26.6 (5.9) | 25.4 (6.45) | |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | <0.001 | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 38.6 (2.5) | 39.0 (1.87) | 38.4 (2.76) | 38.2 (2.80) | 38.5 (2.63) | |
| Parity (n (%)) | 0.005 | |||||
| Nulliparous | 374 (45.0%) | 102 (37.2%) | 134 (51.9%) | 69 (49.3%) | 69 (43.4%) | |
| Multiparous | 457 (55.0%) | 172 (62.8%) | 124 (48.1%) | 71 (50.7%) | 90 (56.6%) | |
| Maternal race (n (%)) | 0.134 | |||||
| Black/African American | 602 (72.4%) | 188 (68.6%) | 193 (74.8%) | 112 (80.0%) | 109 (68.6%) | |
| White | 44 (5.3%) | 17 (6.2%) | 9 (3.5%) | 7 (5.0%) | 11 (6.9%) | |
| Hispanic | 185 (22.3%) | 69 (25.2%) | 56 (21.7%) | 21 (15.0%) | 39 (24.5%) | |
| Maternal diabetes (n (%))c | 0.011 | |||||
| No | 763 (92.5%) | 255 (93.1%) | 230 (89.1%) | 128 (91.4%) | 150 (94.3%) | |
| Gestational diabetes | 35 (4.2%) | 13 (4.7%) | 10 (3.9%) | 3 (2.1%) | 9 (5.7%) | |
| Pregestational diabetes | 27 (3.3%) | 5 (1.8%) | 13 (5.0%) | 9 (6.4%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Maternal education (n (%)) | 0.493 | |||||
| Below college | 551 (66.3%) | 188 (68.6%) | 169 (65.5%) | 86 (61.4%) | 108 (67.9%) | |
| College and higher | 280 (33.7%) | 86 (41.4%) | 89 (34.5%) | 54 (38.6%) | 51 (32.1%) | |
| Maternal smoking (n (%)) | 0.973 | |||||
| Never smoked | 619 (74.5%) | 178 (77.7%) | 155 (71.8%) | 124 (66.3%) | 162 (81.4%) | |
| Ever smoked | 212 (25.5%) | 51 (22.3%) | 61 (28.2%) | 63 (33.7%) | 37 (18.6%) | |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy (n (%)) | 0.252 | |||||
| Never smoked | 686 (82.6%) | 223 (81.4%) | 207 (80.2%) | 123 (87.9%) | 133 (83.6%) | |
| Ever smoked | 145 (17.4%) | 51 (18.6%) | 51 (19.8%) | 17 (12.1%) | 26 (16.4%) | |
| Baby's sex (n (%)) | ||||||
| Female | 396 (47.7%) | 145 (52.9%) | 120 (46.5%) | 67 (47.9%) | 64 (40.3%) | 0.083 |
| Male | 435 (52.3%) | 129 (47.1%) | 138 (53.5%) | 83 (52.1%) | 95 (59.7%) | |
| Child's birth weight (g) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 3120 (667) | 3350 (572) | 3080 (718) | 2910 (666) | 2970 (615) | <0.001 |
Bold values denote statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level.
BMI, body mass index; NW, normal weight; OWO, overweight or obesity.
a
BMI trajectories were defined using longitudinal BMI percentile data from birth to 18 years of age. Early OWO: children with consistently high BMIPCT; Late OWO: children with BMIPCT increased to OWO by the end of the first year; NW to very late OWO: children with NW at early life that was increased to OWO by the 6th year; NW: children with consistently normal BMIPCT.
b
Tested using ANOVA or chi-square tests.
c
Data available for N = 825.