Table 5.
Examples of in vivo studies on electrospun nanofibers for periodontal regeneration.
| Polymers + Additives | MFD (nm) | Alignment | Model | Main Outcomes from In Vivo Studies | Year; Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCL, COL, PEG + rCMP1 |
≈200 | non-aligned | rat | rCMP1 → ↑ cementum-like tissue and ↓ new bone formation in defect |
2016; [90] |
| COL, CTS, PCL |
239 ± 26 | non-aligned | rat | Membranes with CTS → ↑ new bone formed; ↑ bone ALP and OC expression |
2020; [75] |
| PCL, GEL | 599 ± 95 590 ± 167 |
aligned non-aligned |
rat | Aligned Fibers → ↑ new oriented PDL fibers similar to natural PDL, ↑ POSTN |
2019; [77] |
| COL, CTS + BG |
159 ± 59 | non-aligned | dog | ↑ new bone formation; ↓ inflammation compared to the control (no membrane) |
2017; [88] |
| PCL, GEL + CeO2 |
378 ± 204 355 ± 181 |
non-aligned | rat | Membranes with CeO2 NPs accelerated new bone formation |
2022; [79] |
| PLGA + pFGF-2 |
165 ± 60 | non-aligned | dog | pFGF-2 → ↓ root surface resorption; more regular PDL-like tissues formed |
2020; [73] |
| PLGA + DMOG, nSi |
1069 922 |
non-aligned | rat | DMOG/nSi→ functional cementum- PDL-bone complex; ↑ new bone formed |
2021; [71] |
| PCL, PEG | 616 ± 213 574 ± 218 |
aligned non-aligned |
rat | Aligned fibers: ↑ new PDL-like oriented fibers; ↑ COL I, ↓ COL III; ↑ POSTN |
2015; [106] |
| PCL, GEL | 500–600 | non-aligned | rat | Biodegradable; strong cell barrier effects | 2020; [94] |
| PLGA, GEL | 322 ± 58 | aligned | swine | Layer of a p-DFSCs seeded construct → cementum and PDL-like tissues formed |
2015; [95] |
| PLGA + MWNTs |
<1000 | non-aligned | dog | ↑ new cementum, PDL and bone formed compared to the control (no membrane) |
2018; [107] |
| PVA + HAP, MET |
200–300 | non-aligned | rat | MET → antibacterial, disease control; HAP → significant ↓ in pocket depth |
2018; [108] |
| PLA + MgO | ≈500 | non-aligned | rat | MgO NPs → ↑ new bone formation | 2020; [109] |
| PCL, GEL + BG, DEX |
<1000 | non-aligned | rat | Biocompatible with and without DEX; DEX→ ↑ bone volume and surface density |
2015; [110] |
| GEL + β-TCP | ≈400 | non-aligned | rabbit | β-TCP → ↑ bone volume; ↑ OC | 2015; [111] |
| PLGA, WK | 200–500 | non-aligned | dog | Results similar to COL membrane: ↑ new cementum, PDL and bone; ↑ bone density than with periodontal flap surgery |
2016; [112] |
| PCL, PVP + ZIF-8, FK506 |
797 ± 138 654 ± 332 |
non-aligned | rat | ZIF-8/FK506 → ↑ bone volume; ↑ OC; antibacterial + anti-inflammatory effects |
2022; [69] |
| PLGA, GEL + TP, APR |
200–400 | non-aligned | rat | TP/APR → ↑ bone volume; ↑ dense PDL with ↑ COL fibers; anti-inflammatory |
2022; [70] |
| COL | 50–300 | non-aligned | rabbit | Layer of COL nanofibers on CTS film → ↑ new bone formed (similar to Bio-Gide) |
2016; [113] |
| PLGA or PCL + MET, AMX |
240 ± 48 282 ± 68 |
non-aligned | rat rabbit |
Prolonged drug release; Biocompatible; ↓ inflammation in rabbits than in rats |
2021; [66] |
| GEL + rBMP-2, SP600125, SB203580 |
≈350 | non-aligned | dog | Both inhibitors → ↑ bone volume; larger angulation of the regenerated PDL fibers, closer to natural PDL |
2019; [102] |
| PVA + BR, Mg-HAP |
200 ± 15 300 ± 14 |
non-aligned | rat | BR/Mg-HAP → ↑ oral wound healing rate; more regular arrangement of COL fibers; BR → antibacterial agent |
2020; [103] |
| PLA + AMX |
737 ± 128 775 ± 174 |
non-aligned | rat | AMX → ↑ dense-packed and well aligned regenerated COL fibers; ↓ inflammation |
2021; [104] |
Abbreviations in Table 4 and Table 5 in order of appearance: Polymers: CTS: chitosan, PEG: polyethylene glycol, COL: collagen, PCL: polycaprolactone, GEL: gelatin, shell//core: coaxial fibers, PU: polyurethane, PLGA: poly(lacticco- glycolic acid), SF: silk fibroin, WK: wool keratin, PLA: polylactic acid, PLCL: Poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone), PVA: polyvinyl alcohol, GT: gum tragacanth, PEI: polyethylenimine, PVP: Polyvinylpyrrolidone; Additives: HAP: hydroxyapatite, MgO: magnesium oxide, CeO2: cerium oxide, pFGF-2: plasmid DNA encoding fibroblast growth factor-2, ORN: ornidazole, bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor, ZnO: zinc oxide, BG: bioactive glass, DOX: doxycycline hydrochloride, rCMP1: recombinant cementum protein 1, DMOG: dimethyloxalylglycine, nSi: nanosilicate, EMD: enamel matrix derivative, MET: metronidazole, AMX: amoxicillin, CaO2: calcium peroxide, MnO2: manganese dioxide, β-GP: β-glycerophosphate disodium salt hydrate, Curc: curcumin, TH: tetracycline hydrochloride, CA: citric acid, SP600125: a JNK inhibitor, SB203580: a p38 inhibitor, BR: bromelain, pBMP-2: Bone Morphogenic Protein 2 plasmid, QUE: quercetin, Ag: silver, Si: silica, DOXH: doxycycline hyclate, MWNTs: multi-walled carbon nanotubes, DEX: dexamethasone, β-TCP: β-tricalcium phosphate, ZIF-8: zeolitic imidazolate framework-8, FK506: tacrolimus, TP: tea polyphenols, APR: adipoRon; Cells: ES-MPs: embryonic stem cellderived mesenchymal progenitor cells, PDL(S)Cs: PDL (stem) cells, BMMSCs: bone marrow-derived MSCs, GF: gingival fibroblasts, (N)OK: (normal) oral keratinocytes, OF: oral fibroblasts, DF: dermal fibroblasts, SAOS-2: a human primary osteogenic sarcoma cell line; Results: POSTN: periostin, OPN: osteopontin, NPs: nanoparticles, ALP: alkaline phosphatase, RUNX2: runt-related transcription factor 2, OC: osteocalcin, OPG: osteoprotegerin, NSs: nanospheres, CAP: cementum attachment protein, VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor, TCP: tissue culture polystyrene, MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases, ROCK II: Rho-associated protein kinase II.