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. 2023 Mar 15;33(1):11113. doi: 10.4081/ejtm.2023.11113

Table 2.

NPRS assessment at T0, T1 and T2 for all subjects evaluated as a whole (or Total), for group SHAM and for group NCT, respectively. NPRS scores are shown as mean and standard deviation.

Total (n = 45) Group SHAM (n = 15) Group NCT (n = 30) p-value* Cohen’s d
T0 6.1 (1.3) 5.6 (1.7) 6.4 (1.0) 0.0551 0.623
T1 3.5 (1.7) 4.7 (1.7) 2.9 (1.4) 0.0005 1.190
T2 3.8 (1.5) 4.7 (1.3) 3.4 (1.4) 0.0028 1.002
p-value§ < 0.0001 1.547 0.0008 < 0.0001
Effect-size
3.299 1.922

NPRS Numeric Pain Rating Scale (from 0 minimum to 10 maximum), NCT Needle Contact Test, T0 baseline assessment, T1 assessment at 1 minute after NCT, T2 assessment at 5 minutes after NCT; * T-test on independent samples, § ANOVA with Box's conservative epsilon.