Table 2.
Characteristics of the included biomedical studies
| Source | Publication date* | Site (city or province, country) | Sample type | Sample origin | Sample note | Donors | Samples | Sample Ct-range | Inoculation test system | Outcome measure | Infection success rate† | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albert S et al27, 28 | 05/11/2021 | Valencia, Spain | Feces | Human | In Sigma Virocult at 4 °C for a maximum of 24 h before processing | 5 | 8 | 31.8-41.3 | Cells, Vero E6 | qPCR | 0/8 | Medium |
| Audsley JM et al29 | 05/10/2021 | Melbourne, Australia | Feces | Human | Placed in viral transport medium | 1 | 2 | 23-36 | Cells, Vero/hSLAM | qPCR | 1/2 | Medium |
| Bailie CR et al30 | 02/10/2021 | Melbourne, Australia | Rectal swab | Human | N/A | 2 | 2 | 37-38 | Cells, Vero/hSLAM | qPCR, TEM | 0/2 | High |
| Barroso-Arévalo S et al31 | 07/15/2021 | Madrid, Spain | Rectal swab | Dog | Placed in viral transport medium | 1 | 1 | 26.34 | Cells, Vero E6 | qPCR | 1/1 | High |
| Binder RA et al32 | 09/09/2020 | Durham, NC, USA | Rectal swab | Human | Self-collected. Placed in viral transport medium | 3 | 3 | 33.3-38.6 | Cells, Vero E6 | qPCR | 0/3 | Medium |
| Cerrada-Romero C al33 | 05/05/2022 | Madrid, Spain | Feces | Human | N/A | 27 | 31 | 24.3-39.6 | Cells, Vero E6 | qPCR | 0/31 | High |
| Das Adhikari U et al10 | 07/10/2021 | Boston, MA, USA | Feces | Human | N/A | 5 | 5 | 4.5 × 103-7.2 × 107 (RNA copies/mL) | Cells, Vero E6 | qPCR | 3/5 | Medium |
| Dergham J et al34 | 06/18/2021 | Marseilles, France | Feces | Human | Stored at −80 °C | 1 | 2 | 16.22-17.29 | Cells, Vero E6 | qPCR | 2/2† | Medium |
| Fumian TM et al35 | 01/09/2021 | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Feces | Human | Stored at −80 °C for up to 7 months | 4 | 4 | 29.8-32.4 | Cells, Vero E6 | qPCR | 0/4 | High |
| Gortázar C et al36, 37 | 06/12/2021 | Castilla-La Mancha, Spain | Rectal swab | Ferret | N/A | 1 | 1 | 34.5 | Cells, Vero E6 | qPCR | 1/1 | High |
| Jeong HW et al39 | 07/23/2020 | Cheongju, Korea | Feces | Human | N/A | 1 | 1 | 2.2 (log10 RNA copies/mL) | In vivo, Ferrets | qPCR | 1/1‡ | High |
| Jiao, L et al15 | 12/08/2020 | Yunnan, China | Feces | Rhesus monkey | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Cells, Vero E6 | qPCR, TEM | 1/N/A | High |
| Kim JM et al41 | 05/08/2020 | N/A, Korea | Feces | Human | N/A | 8 | 13 | 27-27,310 (RNA copies/µL) | Cells, CaCo-2 | qPCR | 0/13 | High |
| McAloose D et al42, 43, 44, 45 | 10/13/2020 | Bronx, NY, USA | Feces | Tiger, lion§ | Stored at −80 °C | 7 | 14 | 22.3-36.3** | Cells, Vero (CCL-81) Vero 76 Vero E6 |
qPCR | 2/14 | High |
| Pedersen RM et al46 | 11/09/2021 | Odense, Denmark | Rectal swab | Human | N/A | N/A | 12, 13†† | 25-39‡‡ | Cells, CaCo-2 Vero E6 |
qPCR | 0/12 0/13 |
Medium |
| Wang W et al47 | 03/11/2020 | Hubei, Shandong and Beijing, China | Feces | Human | N/A | N/A | 4 | 22.3-38.4§§ | N/A | TEM | 2/4 | High |
| Wölfel R et al48 | 04/01/2020 | Munich, Germany | Feces | Human | Shipped in native conditions | 4 | 13 | 3.5-7.7 (log10 RNA copies/g)‡‡ | Cells, Vero E6 | qPCR | 0/13 | High |
| Wurtzer S et al49 | 08/15/2022 | Ivry-sur-Seine, France | Feces | Golden Syrian hamster | Inoculation within 30 min of collection | 2 | 2 | 4 × 106-6 × 107 (RNA copies/mg) | In vivo, Golden Syrian Hamster | qPCR | 0/2 | Medium |
| Xiao F et al50 | 05/18/2020 | Guangzhou, China | Feces | Human | N/A | 1 | N/A | 23.34 | Cells, Vero E6 | TEM | 1/1 | High |
| Yao H et al54, 55 | 10/29/2020 | Zhejiang, China | Feces | Human | Viral isolation within 4 h from sampling | 3 | 3 | <28 | Cells, Vero (CCL-81) | qPCR | 3/3 | High |
| Young BE et al56 | 08/28/2020 | Singapore | Feces | Human | Shipped in native conditions | 7 | 7 | N/A | Cells, Vero E6 | qPCR | 0/7 | High |
| Zhang Y et al51, 52 | 11/25/2020 | Beijing, China | Feces | Human | N/A | 1/1 | 1/1 | 24 | Cells, Vero | TEM | 1/1 | High |
| Zhou J et al14 | 05/13/2020 | Hong Kong, China | Feces | Human | From an archive | 1 | 1 | 33.6 | Organoids, Human enteric | qPCR | 1/1 | Medium |
Ct-range, cycle threshold-range; N/A, not available; qPCR, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction; TEM, transmission electron microscopy.
MM/DD/YYYY. Publication date of the first peer-reviewed report.
Number of samples resulting in infection out of the total samples inoculated. Except for the lack of clarity in Dergham et al,34 in all studies doing replicates, all replicates of each sample had the same outcome.
Data from correspondence with the study authors.
1 Malayan tiger (2 samples), 3 Amur tigers (6 samples), and 3 African lions (6 samples).
Only available for 7 of 14 samples.
12 samples inoculating Caco-2 cells and 13 samples inoculating Vero E6 cells. Not clear if some of these are the same samples.
Read from the figure.
Range for all 44 positive fecal samples. Only 4 samples with low Ct were used for inoculation.