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. 2023 Apr 17;12(8):1675. doi: 10.3390/plants12081675

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Involvement of GABAergic neurotransmission in the anxiolytic effect of essential oils and ethanolic extracts of L. alba, L. sidoides, and L. gracilis in the light/dark test (0–5 min). The values represent the mean ± standard error of the mean of six animals/group; ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, vs. control; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, #### p < 0.0001 vs. DZP or Lippia). LaEO: Lippia alba essential oil; LsEO: Lippia sidoides essential oil; LgEO: Lippia gracilis essential oil; LaEE: Lippia alba ethanolic extract; LsEE: Lippia sidoides ethanolic extract; LgEE: Lippia gracilis ethanolic extract; DZP: diazepam; Fmz: flumazenil.