Table 2.

Hormone concentrations (pg/mL) at four time points during a 36 h fast with or without exercise.

Hormone	Condition	0 h *	12 h	24 h	36 h	F-Value	p-Value
Insulin (pg/mL)	No Exercise	2163.7 ± 1501.9 a	1584.3 ± 1429.9 b	1530.4 ± 1529.1 b	1654.7 ± 1495.4 b	0.79	0.4568
	Exercise	2343.9 ± 1556.8 a	1635.8 ± 1484.8 b	1522.8 ± 1506.6 b	1572.6 ± 1506.0 b
GIP (pg/mL)	No Exercise	486.7 ± 231.8 a	65.0 ± 27.6 b	53.4 ± 28.6 b	65.4 ±28.4 b	2.82	0.0658
	Exercise	550.7 ±242.4 a	81.8 ± 30.9 b	47.3 ± 19.9 c	66.0 ± 26.5 d
GLP1 (pg/mL)	No Exercise	454.1 ± 126.9 a	307.5 ± 139.3 b	381.1 ± 183.6 b	563.4 ± 287.1 c†	0.20	0.8226
	Exercise	450.8 ± 143.4 a	387.1 ± 158.8 b	447.5 ± 185.2	672.9 ± 344.8 c
Ghrelin (pg/mL)	No Exercise	38.9 ± 31.9 a	45.9 ± 35.4 b†	44.1 ± 38.5 b†	28.4 ± 31.3 c	3.22	0.0457
	Exercise	38.0 ± 32.2 a	31.8 ± 25.0 ab	31.4 ± 26.8 ab	28.2 ± 31.5 b
PP (pg/mL)	No Exercise	251.0 ± 138.9 a	37.7 ± 31.5 b	140.4 ± 105.3 c	84.4 ± 81.3 b	0.09	0.9107
	Exercise	248.1 ± 142.8 a	40.2 ± 32.8 b	149.7 ± 111.5 cd	101.9 ± 114.4 d
PYY (pg/mL)	No Exercise	274.2 ± 186.1 a	249.6 ± 196.5 b	233.5 ± 196.9 c	242.6 ± 195.8 bc	1.79	0.1750
	Exercise	272.9 ± 180.7 a	259.7 ± 190.1 b	227.0 ± 201.7 c	242.9 ± 203.5 d
Leptin (pg/mL)	No Exercise	4015.2 ± 4488.0 a	3542.3 ± 3820.6 b	1382.0 ± 1426.8 c	868.9 ± 1007.6 d	0.00	0.9954
	Exercise	4152.3 ± 4235.3 a	3481.2 ± 3609.3 b	1307.0 ± 1562.8 c	844.8 ± 1011.3 d

Mean ± standard deviation. F and p-values are referring to the condition by time interaction for each outcome. * No difference between conditions at baseline. ^a–d Refer to the follow-up analysis for the main effect of time. Different letters in the same row indicate significantly different means (p < 0.05). ^† Indicates a significant difference between conditions at the given time point for ghrelin and GLP-1 (p < 0.05).