Table 1.

Antiviral treatments against SAR-CoV-2.

Antiviral	Mechanism of Action	Adverse Effects/Issue	Reference
Remdesivir	Inhibition of virus entry (pre-cytokine storm) Inhibition of virus replication (pre-cytokine storm)	Acute respiratory failure Decreased glomerular filtration rate (increased blood creatinine level) Anemia, pyrexia Increased blood glucose level Hepatotoxicity Gastrointestinal symptoms Cardiovascular toxicity	[51,52,53,54]
Remdesivir	Inhibition of virus entry (pre-cytokine storm) Inhibition of virus replication (pre-cytokine storm)	Acute respiratory failure Decreased glomerular filtration rate (increased blood creatinine level) Anemia, pyrexia Increased blood glucose level Hepatotoxicity Gastrointestinal symptoms Cardiovascular toxicity	[50,51,52,53,54]
Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPV/r)	Inhibition of virus entry (pre-cytokine storm) Inhibition of virus replication (pre-cytokine storm)	Does not improve clinical outcome, mortality, time to RT-PCR negativity, or chest CT clearance	[56,57]
Molnupiravir	Inhibition of viral replication	Not recommended in pregnancy, women of childbearing potential, or breastfeeding mothers	[58]
Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir	Inhibition of viral replication	Contraindicated in people with severe hepatic or renal impairment Not recommended in pregnancy, women of childbearing potential, or breastfeeding mothers	[58]
Hydroxychloroquine	Inhibition of virus entry (pre-cytokine storm) Inhibition of virus replication (pre-cytokine storm)	Increased risk of arrhythmias Prolongation of QT interval at ECG	[63,64,65,66]