Table 1.
Summary of the studies on FO performance of nanoparticle-modified TFC membranes.
| Support Layer Polyamide Active Layer Nanomaterial |
Experimental Operating Conditions | FO Performance | Intrinsic Properties | Reference | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feed Solution | Draw Solution | Temp. | Flow Rate | FS–AL (FO Mode) | DS–AL (PRO Mode) | |||||
| Jw; LMH | Js; gMH | Jw; LMH | Js; gMH | |||||||
|
14% PSF/1% PVP 2% MPD/0.1% TMC 0.04% MOF in organic solution |
DI water | 2M NaCl | 25 °C | 21 cm/s | 46 | 102.3 | — | — | A = 4.7 LMH/bar B = 0.6 LMH S = 238 μm |
[42] |
|
16% PSF 2% MPD/0.15% TMC 0.25% GO in dope solution |
DI water | 0.5M NaCl | 25 °C | 1.8 L/min | 19.77 | 3.4 | 40.5 | 6.5 | A = 1.76 LMH/bar B = 0.19 LMH R (NaCl) = 98.71% S = 191 μm |
[68] |
|
18% PSF 2% MPD/0.1% TMC 0.25% GO in dope solution |
DI water | 1M NaCl | 24 °C | 1.5 L/min | 14.65 | 3.62 | 30.95 | 6.6 | A = 1.91 LMH/bar B = 0.24 LMH R (NaCl) = 98.67% S = 726 μm |
[69] |
|
12% PSF 4% MPD/0.1% TMC 0.01% GO-8h in aqueous solution |
DI water | 0.5M NaCl | 22 °C | 12.6 cm/s | 24.7 | 5.19 | 41.9 | 8 | A = 3.71 LMH/bar B = 0.89 LMH |
[70] |
|
16% PSF/4% PEG-400 2% MPD/0.1% TMC 0.008% GO in aqueous solution |
DI water | 2M NaCl | — | 12 L/h | 34.3 | 1.1 | — | — | B = 3.9 LMH/bar A = 1.1 LMH R (NaCl) = 96.7% S = 119 μm |
[71] |
|
15.5% PSF/0.5% PVP/3% LiCl 1% MPD/0.05% TMC 0.02% zeolite in organic solution |
DI water | 1M NaCl | — | 0.5 L/min | 13.8 | 7.08 | 28.8 | 13.76 | A = 5.27 × 10−12 m/s.Pa B = 15.1 × 10−8 m/s R (NaCl) = 88.1% |
[72] |
|
15.5% PSF/0.5% PVP/3% LiCl 1% MPD/0.05% TMC 0.5% zeolite in dope solution |
DI water | 2M NaCl | — | 0.5 L/min | 40 | 29 | 86 | 57 | A = 3.3 LMH/bar R (NaCl) = 91.3% S = 340 μm |
[73] |
|
15.5% PSF/2% PVP 2% MPD/0.1% TMC 0.4% zeolite in dope solution |
10 mM NaCl | 2M NaCl | room | 0.8 L/min | 24.61 | 14.6 | 33.1 | 20 | A = 6.86 × 10−12 m/s.Pa B = 9.6 × 10−8 m/s R (NaCl) = 94.7% S = 480 μm |
[74] |
|
16.5% PSF/0.5% PVP 2% MPD/0.15% TMC 0.6% TiO2 in dope solution |
DI water | 2M NaCl | ambient | 0.35 L/min | 33 | 15.7 | 59.4 | 31 | A = 7.3 × 10−12 m/s.Pa B = 12.4 × 10−8 m/s R (NaCl) = 93.6% S = 390 μm |
[75] |
|
17.41% PSF/0.5% PVP 2% MPD/0.1% TMC 0.5% TiO2 in dope solution |
10 mM NaCl | 2M NaCl | ambient | 32.72 cm/s | 29.7 | 7.3 | 56.27 | 14.14 | A = 5.45 × 10−12 m/s.Pa B = 10.66 × 10−8 m/s R (NaCl) = 92.7% S = 420 μm |
[76] |
|
16% PSF 2% MPD/2% TEA/0.2% TMC 0.1% TiO2 in aqueous solution |
10 mM NaCl | 2M NaCl | — | 0.8 L/min | 40 | 12.3 | 26 | 13 | A = 12.26 × 10−12 m/s.Pa B = 49.9 × 10−8 m/s R (NaCl) = 86% S = 650 μm |
[77] |
|
16% PEF/1% PVP/2.5% PEG-200 2% MPD/0.1% TMC 0.05% SiO2 in aqueous solution |
DI water | 2M NaCl | 30 °C | 10 L/h | 15.22 | 7.53 | 23.93 | 16.15 | A = 3.10 LMH/bar B = 0.31 LMH R (NaCl) = 91% S = 362 μm |
[78] |
|
16% PSF/1% PVP 2% MPD/0.1% TMC 0.05% SiO2 in aqueous solution |
10 mM NaCl | 2M NaCl | 30 °C | 0.8 L/min | 15 | 1.6 | 25.28 | 3.44 | A = 9.52 × 10−12 m/s.Pa B = 28.4 × 10−8 m/s R (NaCl) = 89% S = 368 μm |
[79] |
|
14% PSF/0.5% PVP 1% MPD/0.05% TMC 1% SiO2 in dope solution |
DI water | 2M NaCl | 25 °C | 0.25 L/min | 14.60 | 9.00 | 23.50 | 20.06 | A = 2.96 × 10−12 m/s.Pa B = 4.79 × 10−8 m/s R (NaCl) = 86.18% |
[80] |
|
E.Spun N6/20% SiO2 1% MPD/0.15% TMC 4% SiO2 in aqueous solution |
DI water | 1M NaCl | 24 °C | 26.3 cm/s | 27.10 | 9.35 | — | — | A = 45 LMH/MPa B = 1.24 LMH R (NaCl) = 98.5% S = 365 μm |
[81] |
|
14% PSF/ 2%PVP 2% MPD/0.1% TMC 0.5% ZnO in dope solution |
10 mM NaCl | 2M NaCl | — | — | 30.06 | 17.31 | — | — | A = 7.39 × 10−12 m/s.Pa B = 20.55 × 10−8 m/s R (NaCl) = 89.99% S = 400 μm |
[82] |
|
2g PSF 2% MPD/0.1% TMC 0.25% ZnO@PMMA in aqueous solution |
DI water | 1M NaCl | ambient | 0.1 L/min | 14.6 | 2.2 | — | — | A = 2.32 LMH/bar B = 0.28 LMH R (NaCl) = 97.7% S = 693 μm |
[83] |
|
16% PSF/6% PVP/2% LiCl 2% MPD/0.1% TMC 0.5% Al2O3 in dope solution 0.05% Al2O3 in organic solution |
DI water | 1M NaCl | — | 18.5 cm/s | 27.6 | 7.1 | — | — | A = 8.43 LMH/bar B = 1.66 LMH |
[84] |
|
14% PES/2% PVP
2% MPD/0.1% TMC 0.2% Fe3O4 in dope solution |
10 mM NaCl | 2M NaCl | room | 0.8 L/min | 28.8 | 14.7 | 38.08 | 20.1 | A = 8.55 × 10−12 m/s.Pa B = 15.6 × 10−8 m/s R (NaCl) = 93.2% S = 420 μm |
[85] |
|
17.41% PSF/0.5% PVP/0.5% nano-filler 2% MPD/0.1% TMC 0.5% TiO2 and 0.5% GO in dope solution |
DI water | 2M NaCl | — | 2.5 cm/s | 23.5 | 2.7 | 30.5 | 4.4 | A = 1.61 × 10−12 m/s.Pa B = 1.44 × 10−8 m/s R (NaCl) = 91.1% S = 200 μm |
[86] |
|
18% PES/2% PEG-200 2% MPD/0.1% TMC 0.2% ZnO/SiO2 in dope solution |
DI water | 1M NaCl | 25 °C | 8.3 cm/s | 33.5 | 12.23 | 50.1 | 18.22 | A = 3.47 LMH/bar B = 4.01 LMH R (NaCl) = 78.6% S = 297 μm |
[87] |
|
18% PVDF/3% PVP 2% MPD/0.1% TMC 0.75% SiO2@MWCNT in dope solution |
DI water | 1M NaCl | — | 0.3 L/min | 22.1 | 4.1 | 28.6 | 8.05 | A = 1.21 LMH/bar B = 0.12 LMH R (NaCl) = 93.6% S = 240.5 μm |
[88] |
|
14% PES/2% PVP 2% MPD/0.1% TMC 0.2% Fe3O4/ZnO in aqueous solution |
10 mM NaCl | 2M NaCl | 23 °C | 0.8 L/min | 29.3 | 5.6 | — | — | A = 8.24 × 10−12 m/s.Pa B = 7.88 × 10−8 m/sR (NaCl) = 98.5%S = 400 μm |
[89] |