Table 4.
Analysis method of the effect of concentration polarization (CP) on FO performance.
| Analysis Method | Feed Solution NaCl (M) |
Draw Solution NaCl (M) |
Flow Rate (L/min) |
Temp. (°C) | Δπeff% | DICP% | DECP% | CECP% | Water Flux (L/m2 h) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Analytical using TFC membrane | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.5–1 | 25 | 29.66–30.41 | 46.94–49.97 | 19–16.02 | 4.4–3.61 | 6.98–7.32 | [135] |
| 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.5–1 FS/0.5 DS | 25 | 29.66–30.24 | 46.94–47.16 | 19–19.14 | 4.4–3.46 | 6.98–7.18 | ||
| 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.5–1 DS/0.5 FS | 25 | 29.66–30.33 | 46.94–49.4 | 19–15.73 | 4.4–4.53 | 6.98–7.02 | ||
| Analytical using TFC membrane | 0 | 1–5 | 10 cm/s | 25 | 23.5–6.2 | 39–44.7 | 21.7–40.3 | 15.7–8.8 | 3.55–24.04 | [147] |
| 0 | 3 | 5–25 cm/s | 25 | 12.2–13.9 | 39.2–50 | 36.7–27.8 | 12–8.3 | 13.3–18 | ||
| 0 | 3 | 10 cm/s | 25–45 | 13.6–17.5 | 43.7–39.3 | 32.5–32.9 | 10.2–10.3 | 15.25–22.08 | ||
| MATLAB software | 0 | 1–4 | 0.1 | – | 41.7–19.1 | 46.8–60.4 | 11.3–20.4 | 0.0747–0.154 | 8.8–17 | [153] |
| 0–3 | 1–4 | 0.1 | – | 41.7–10.7 | 46.8–67.6 | 11.3–12.2 | 0–9.44 | 9–2.3 | ||
| 0 | 3 | 0.1–1.7 | – | – | 46–60.6 | 32.5–15.5 | negligible | 13.6–15.1 | ||
| 3 | 6 | 0.1–1.7 | – | – | 54.9–71.6 | 24.3–12.6 | 13.8–6.76 | 4.5–5.8 |