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. 2023 Apr 20;24(8):7581. doi: 10.3390/ijms24087581

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Cellular sources and targets of TSLP. Several stimuli including microbes, pollutants, allergens, proteases and cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and the macrophage-derived progranulin trigger the production of TSLP from the epithelium. TSLP acts on a variety of cells, including DCs, ILCs CD4 T cells mast cells basophils, etc., and upregulates the expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86, OX40). It also induces the secretion of a plethora of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) and chemokines (CCL1, CXCL8, CXCL1, CXCL13), further amplifying the asthmatic responses.