Table 1.
Description of the whole sample according to population setting, i.e., northern (clinical setting) versus southern (population-based setting) Italy.
| Clinical-Based Subset (Pavia) | Population-Based Subset (Apulia) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Median (IQR) | Mean ± SD | Median (IQR) | Wilcoxon’s ES | |
| Prop. (%) | 1312 (73.30) | 479 (26.70) | |||
| Age (years) | 79.79 ± 7.18 | 80 (10) | 74.81 ± 5.67 | 74.09 (7.58) | 0.32 (0.28 to 0.36) |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 949 (72.30) | 255 (53.20) | 19.10 (14.01 to 24.18) | ||
| Male | 363 (27.70) | 224 (46.80) | |||
| Sarcopenia | 165 (12.60) | 35 (7.30) | −5.27 (−8.21 to −2.33) | ||
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.67 ± 0.51 | 3.74 (0.67) | 4.08 ± 0.42 | 4.05 (0.4) | 0.37 (0.34 to 0.41) |
| AST (U/L) | 18.65 ± 17.7 | 14 (10) | 20.39 ± 9.33 | 19 (8) | 0.26 (0.22 to 0.30) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.57 ± 5.88 | 24.7 (6.7) | 29.75 ± 4.94 | 29.32 (6.08) | 0.26 (0.22 to 0.30) |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 1.25 ± 2.63 | 0.35 (0.84) | 0.43 ± 0.62 | 0.43 (0.33) | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.05) |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 108.19 ± 41.06 | 96 (33) | 102.68 ± 25.31 | 96 (21) | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.03) |
| FFM arms (kg) | 4.12 ± 1.38 | 3.86 (1.70) | 4.71 ± 1.354 | 4.51 (2.15) | 0.20 (0.16 to 0.24) |
| FFM legs (kg) | 13.419 ± 3.21 | 12.98 (4.33) | 13.24 ± 3.02 | 13.14 (4.71) | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.04) |
| Folate (ng/mL) | 9.13 ± 9.19 | 5.9 (7.82) | 8.98 ± 5.95 | 7.6 (5.3) | 0.11 (0.08 to 0.16) |
| FT3 (pmol/L) | 2.32 ± 0.53 | 2.3 (0.64) | 3.32 ± 0.39 | 3.32 (0.46) | 0.67 (0.65 to 0.70) |
| FT4 (pmol/L) | 5.76 ± 5.74 | 1.46 (9.78) | 0.97 ± 0.66 | 0.9 (0.19) | 0.54 (0.51 to 0.58) |
| GGT (U/L) | 32.98 ± 42.09 | 20 (18) | 19.44 ± 16.61 | 15 (9) | 0.21 (0.17 to 0.26) |
| HGS (kg) | 18.68 ± 7.74 | 18 (9.33) | 23.13 ± 8.28 | 22 (11.67) | 0.24 (0.20 to 0.29) |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 47.96 ± 17.65 | 47 (21) | 52.41 ± 14.02 | 52 (17) | 0.12 (0.08 to 0.17) |
| Height (cm) | 156.79 ± 9.62 | 155 (13) | 157.45 ± 9.03 | 157 (13) | 0.04 (−0.01 to 0.09) |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.35 ± 1.72 | 12.4 (2.2) | 13.68 ± 1.44 | 13.7 (1.8) | 0.35 (0.31 to 0.39) |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 111.76 ± 37.32 | 107.9 (48.85) | 104.9 ± 32.66 | 104 (49) | 0.07 (0.20 to 0.12) |
| Neck BMD | 0.74 ± 0.18 | 0.73 (0.2) | 0.77 ± 0.58 | 0.7 (0.17) | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.09) |
| Platelets (103 cells/mm3) | 247.02 ± 103.99 | 238.6 (103.72) | 230.55 ± 71.2 | 226 (75.5) | 0.07 (0.03 to 0.12) |
| RBC (106 cells/mm3) | 4.18 ± 0.65 | 4.17 (0.69) | 4.66 ± 0.55 | 4.66 (0.62) | 0.38 (0.34 to 0.42) |
| SMI (kg/m2) | 7.08 ± 1.37 | 7 (1.72) | 7.17 ± 1.18 | 7.1 (1.75) | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.08) |
| SPPB score | 6.26 ± 3.04 | 6 (5) | 8.27 ± 2.86 | 9 (5) | 0.28 (0.25 to 0.33) |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185.68 ± 41.34 | 184.5 (58) | 180.14 ± 37.31 | 179 (50.5) | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.10) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 132.2 ± 80.08 | 111 (75.25) | 113.56 ± 75.43 | 93 (63.5) | 0.13 (0.09 to 0.18) |
| TSH (µU/mL) | 2.13 ± 2.28 | 1.5 (1.61) | 1.87 ± 1.76 | 1.55 (1.29) | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.03) |
| Vitamin D (nmol/L) | 13.29 ± 10.77 | 10.2 (10.2) | 27.98 ± 12.69 | 26.4 (12.7) | 0.54 (0.51 to 0.58) |
| WBC (103 cells/mm3) | 7.01 ± 3.14 | 6.54 (2.41) | 6.36 ± 1.81 | 6.09 (2.13) | 0.10 (0.06 to 0.15) |
| Whole Body Fat (kg) | 22.60 ± 10.46 | 21.30 (13.26) | 30.04 ± 8.943 | 28.68 (11.84) | 0.34 (0.30 to 0.38) |
| Whole Body Lean Mass (kg) | 38.84 ± 7.928 | 37.29 (10.52) | 42.77 ± 8.503 | 41.61 (13.56) | 0.20 (0.16 to 0.25) |
| Whole Body Mass (kg) | 63.43 ± 15.59 | 61.70 (20.01) | 72.82 ± 13.93 | 72.34 (18.93) | 0.28 (0.25 to 0.33) |
| Weight (kg) | 62.85 ± 15.53 | 60.55 (19.2) | 73.86 ± 14.31 | 72.6 (18.7) | 0.33 (0.30 to 0.37) |
n = 1791. All data are shown as mean ± SD, median (min to max) for continuous variables and as n (%) for proportions. Statistically significant data are indicated in bold type. Abbreviations: AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; FBG: fasting blood glucose; FFM: fat-free mass; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; HGS: handgrip strength; BMD: bone mineral density; RBC: red blood cells; SMI: skeletal muscle index; SPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone.